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Robot lawn mowers are emerging as one of the most exciting smart-home categories. The concept has been around for a while, but in the past two years we've seen advances in technology that are making them more helpful and more user-friendly than ever. Finally, the barriers to entry are coming down, and lawnbots are starting to look like a feasible option for even the least tech-minded amongst us.

To find out more about what's going on in this growing space, I spoke to KK Yin, marketing director at major lawnbot brand Mammotion. We chatted about the most impactful shifts in lawnbot technology, the hottest trends, and the hurdles the industry still needs to overcome.

Cutting-edge edge cutting

For KK, the big feature that hasn't quite been nailed yet is edge-cutting. Even if you have a great robot mower that does a stellar job trimming your grass, its usefulness is limited if you then have to get out a trimmer to take care of the edges. "Edge trimming remains one of the biggest challenges, especially along walls," says KK. "The key is balancing cutting performance with safety."

The key is balancing cutting performance with safety

If you're trimming along the edge of a flat path, it's relatively easy — certain mowers are designed to straddle the path edge, with the blades underneath trimming the grass at the boundary line. However, that doesn't work when trying to trim next to a wall. "The lawnmower can get as close as possible, but the cutting disc being set back from the mower's edge to maintain a safe clearance prevents the mower from cutting close enough to walls," KK continues.

Lots of brands have been working on a solution, and it typically takes the form of an edge-trimming module that attaches to the side of the bot, with smaller blades in a protective casing.

An edge-cutting attachment on a Roborock lawnbot (Image credit: Future)

On the Luba Mini is an edge-cutting disc that can trim as close as 5cm (1.97 inches) from a wall — a distance KK admits might not be close enough. "Five centimeters is not very far from the wall, but still some users want us to make it perfect so it can cut maybe even down to one centimeter," KK says.

"We're exploring more flexible solutions," he continues. "For example, when mowing alongside a wall, the cutting disc could potentially extend slightly out of the mower's body for a cleaner edge cut. In open areas or during ride-on-the-edge mowing, it would retract to maintain a safe clearance beneath the mower. So that is the direction and also the challenge in the future."

Tackling tricky terrain

Another major lawnbot trend that's been emerging over the past year or so is all-wheel drive (AWD). This helps lawnbots tackle tricky or uneven terrain, as having all the wheels individually powered means that if one or two end up off the ground, or struggling to get traction, the others can help the robot escape without requiring manual intervention.

AWD can also help the lawnbot retain its grip when scaling especially steep lawns. KK notes that in the European market, and Germany especially, lots of houses stand on slopes, where this boosted climbing ability comes in handy.

All-wheel drive is usually indicated by an 'AWD' on the product's name, and it appears in Mammotion's advanced Luba line — you can see the LUBA 3 AWD scaling an astroturf mountain in the video above.

The brand has also been looking at upgrading its bots' climbing ability and mowing speed, and is keen to figure out what the next advancement might look like. "We can see some other companies are exploring other things like independent steering," says KK. "Maybe that is a good solution for difficult terrain. So we are also thinking about how to combine this technology."

Better tech in smaller bots

Initially, Mammotion kicked off its lawnbot journey with its premium Luba series. Later on, the Yuka Mini arrived — a smaller, more affordable bot that's designed for yards 500 to 800 square meters in size. It proved to be the big winner in Europe during the recent Amazon Prime Day sales.

"I think when we started, our premium product line helped us build trust in our technology — things like the all-wheel drive and the positioning system and the efficiency. So customers believed our brand could bring some of that technology to an entry-level lawnmower," muses KK.

The compact Yuka Mini is a good fit for smaller, European yards (Image credit: Future)

The Yuka Mini is a good fit for European yards, which on average are 300 to 500 square meters in size. "Many robot lawnmower brands spend a lot and have a different product strategy for European regions, because many of the users have already accepted this innovative product for their lawn care. For example, they know about the positioning systems and how all-wheel drive compares with rear-wheel drive. They want their robot lawnmower to do more things — not only mowing, but also edge trimming."

In the US, where the average lawn size is much larger than in Europe, the focus is a little different. "I think most US users still prefer a ride-on or traditional lawnmower. I think they're still looking for an efficient robot mower that can cover their large lawn," says KK. "The US is at a different stage, and what customers require is different.

No-fuss installation

Navigation tech is perhaps the area that has moved on most quickly and has had the most impact on lawnbot usability. It was only a few years ago that boundary wires were required; now they're all but obsolete.

Initially, the technology to take over was RTK. This is satellite-based positioning, and it requires a separate RTK receiver to improve the accuracy of the satellite data. Not everyone wanted to set up a receiver in their yard, leading to a shift to centralized receivers that could serve massive areas at once. Mammotion calls this NetRTK.

Either way, the system relies on satellites, which means it has some limitations in yards where there is coverage from trees or buildings. Most recently, we've started to see LiDAR being used. This is the navigation approach used in robot vacuums, and just like with RTK, there are pros and cons when used in lawnbots. LiDAR works by bouncing light off objects to build up a picture of its surroundings, which is great when there are objects around but less useful in wide, open spaces with nothing to bounce off.

We're seeing a shift away from having to install an RTK receiver in your yard (Image credit: Future)

"You know, like we always say, maybe laziness is the best way to improve the technology!" says KK. "For our users, if they're happy with the intelligence of the robot lawnmower, then they want an easier installation, or even no installation at all. So that's why they really like our NetRTK, because they don't need to install an antenna. Or some users will choose LiDAR, which doesn't need an antenna at all."

The real shift is less to do with using one specific navigation approach over another, and more about moving to a situation where multiple navigation technologies can work alongside one another.

"We want to think about the final result of the positioning system," says KK. "Many users don't want to compare which positioning method is good. They just use it; that's enough. They don't need to know more about it. So that's why we came up with Tri-Fusion, which combines the advantages of RTK and LiDAR and even AI vision. We believe this can cover all environments for a residential user."

Users want an easier installation, or even no installation at all

A few robot mower companies have started experimenting with similar concepts, where the bot can swap between different approaches depending on the situation. If satellite signal drops out under some trees, LiDAR can swoop in to save the day and get the lawnbot back on track, for instance. Cameras (often backed by AI) form the third pillar, enabling the bot to recognize objects and understand if it should mow close to them or steer clear.

There are problems still to solve in the world of robot mowers, but let's not forget that just a few short years ago, we were still painstakingly laying boundary wires and watching the lawnbot bounce haphazardly between them. Now, the issue is whether a bot can trim quite close enough to the edge of a wall, and if it's smart enough to tell a soccer ball from a lounger. We've come a long way.

Brilliant bots

We've tested plenty of impressive lawnbots at TechRadar. Here's a taster of some of our favorites — hit the View details button for a link to our full review for each.

Mammotion LUBA 3 AWD 3000

Read our full review

Mammotion Yuka Mini Robot Lawn Mower

Read our full review

Mammotion YUKA Mini 2 1000 Robot Lawn Mower with LiDAR

Segway Navimow i210E LiDAR Pro

Read our full review

Segway Navimow X3 Series

Read our full review

TerraMow V1000 Robot Lawn Mower

Read our full review

ANTHBOT Genie Smart AI Robot Lawn Mower

Read our full review

Eufy E15 Robot Lawn Mower

Read our full review

Mammotion LUBA 2 AWD

Read our full review

The AI race is usually framed as a contest for chips, models and talent. Increasingly, it is being decided by something more basic: power.

The International Energy Agency (IEA) projects that electricity demand from data centers will double by 2030.

At the same time, many grids are already under strain from increased electrification, ageing infrastructure and long permitting cycles.

This makes the ability to secure reliable electricity on a timeline that matches business plans a decisive factor in choosing where to build an AI data center.

Time to power is becoming a key constraint

That is why “time to power” is quickly becoming the key metric in site selection.

Schneider Electric’s work in this space shows that in multiple regions, grid connection approvals and reinforcement timelines that were once manageable now stretch far beyond normal development cycles.

In energy-constrained hotspots, the process to connect to the grid can extend for years, and in some cases can reach a decade or more. For large AI data center projects, that changes where data center operators build and how they build.

The issue is not the lack of power. The real challenge is that data centers concentrate in specific regions, and those local grids hit capacity limits faster than new infrastructure can be planned, approved and built. When that happens, power availability starts to overtake “location” as the deciding factor.

Transparency is key to attracting investment and ensuring resilience

Power availability also influences where companies are investing when it comes to building AI data centers as it is key to resilience. The most attractive markets are those that offer certainty and transparent information on available grid capacity and reinforcement plans.

Just as importantly, data center operators need confidence that grid connection queues are managed in a way that prioritizes projects that are ready to build, rather than allowing speculative projects to sit in line for years and block capacity.

Resilience has always been fundamental to data centers, but it’s now being redefined. It is no longer only about redundancy inside the facility; it is equally about resilience to the grid environment around it. In many energy-constrained regions, shrinking grid capacity and congestion increase the risk of outages and emergency grid measures.

Hybrid power generation strategies offer an alternative to legacy grid dependence

These pressures are driving many data center developers and owners to consider on-site hybrid energy strategies which combine on-site power generation from renewables with electricity provided by the grid.

Such hybrid power approaches are key for reducing reliance on legacy grid infrastructure and enabling data center operators to generate energy on-site and improve resilience. This also increases energy flexibility by allowing data center operators to change when and how energy is used, stored, or generated in response to demand, prices, or grid conditions.

A concept that is getting more attention in this space is “energy parks”. In simple terms, an energy park brings together multiple power resources, from renewables, thermal power, and storage to on-site generation, and connects them to the grid through a single point. These energy parks may connect to the grid through a single interconnection point, operate as fully islanded systems, or combine both approaches through hybrid architectures.

Because the generation, storage and grid connection are designed together, energy parks can offer a faster or more predictable “time to power” in places where the traditional grid connection queue is a challenge. This could help alleviate the grid connection issue for many data center developers.

A new approach to designing data centers

This is where energy strategy becomes a design strategy. Developers need to plan across three key areas: how to connect, how to operate, and how to scale.

Connecting to the grid is now about getting the earliest possible clarity and avoiding prolonged delays. Operating is about building for an environment where grid constraints, curtailment risk and price shocks can impact business continuity. Scaling is about making sure a site that works at 50 MW does not become constrained at 150 MW because the upstream network cannot grow with the campus.

But none of this can be separated from sustainability. Sustainable AI infrastructure at scale requires electrification strategy and grid modernization: faster grid reinforcement, better planning, and more flexibility on both the supply and demand sides. It also requires closer coordination between developers, grid operators, policymakers and clean energy providers. This will help ensure that digital infrastructure growth is aligned with clean capacity additions and realistic delivery timelines.

For data center developers, the practical takeaway is straightforward: start with power and treat energy as a critical design variable. Build a site selection process that tests grid readiness and timelines before land is locked in, and design an energy strategy that covers connection, resilience and scale from day one.

When it comes to attracting AI infrastructure investment, the winners will be those that can offer speed and certainty on grid connection and reinforcement, and enable credible pathways to clean, resilient power.

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This article was produced as part of TechRadar Pro Perspectives, our channel to feature the best and brightest minds in the technology industry today.

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• Control Resonant lead gameplay designer Sergey Mohov isn't worried about launching the game close to GTA 6
• He says the game's release date has been locked in for a while
• Mohov explains that "It's not really been a big consideration for us"

Remedy Entertainment isn't worried about launching Control Resonant so close to Grand Theft Auto 6.

GTA 6 is the most anticipated game of the year, if not of all time, and is on track to earn over $5 billion by the end of its launch week, so it's understandable if some studios want to avoid releasing their games so close to its launch for fear of being overshadowed.

After Rockstar Games formally announced that its game will arrive on November 19, Playground Games delayed Fable to February 2027 "so it can have the dedicated moment it deserves."

However, games like Marvel's Wolverine and Phantom Blade Zero are still locked in for their Fall releases, so not every studio is worried about competing with GTA 6 or is happy with the amount of breathing room they do have, at least.

Speaking in an interview with TechRadar Gaming about the upcoming release of Control Resonant, lead gameplay designer Sergey Mohov explained that he's looking forward to GTA 6 like everybody else, but doesn't think the game's launch affects Remedy "at all."

"Honestly, first of all, personally, I'm looking forward to GTA as much as everybody else," he said. "I'm a fan of [GTA] Vice City. But I don't think it's affected us at all, to be honest."

Control Resonant launches on September 24, which is eight weeks before GTA 6, so the Rockstar game shouldn't overshadow the former, and Mohov explained that Remedy's release date has been "locked in for a while."

"We expect it to be a very complete experience on day one when it comes out," he said. "We've been planning to release this game in September, for as long as I can remember. It's not really been a big consideration for us."

He added, "Obviously, this is a really exciting year to be a gamer. We're gonna be playing all of these [games] same as everybody else, but hopefully, you pick up, and your readers pick up Control Resonant as well."

Control Resonant will be available for PS5, Xbox Series X, Xbox Series S, and PC.

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Q Acoustics 3040c review: Two-minute review

The 3040c is the smaller of two floorstanding speakers in Q Acoustics' celebrated 3000c range — it’s the fifth and final 3000c model, and it’s arguably the best of the lot.

For £599 or equivalent, depending on where you reside, you'll receive two reasonably compact, elegant and nicely finished cabinets (available in four different finishes) with optimised point-to-bracing inside and a three-strong driver array on the outside.

Two 120mm mid/bass drivers sandwich a 22mm soft-dome tweeter that’s decoupled from the rest of the cabinet — and with some input from a rear-firing bass reflex port, a claimed frequency response of 43Hz - 30khz is the result.

Sensitivity of 88dB means you don’t need all that burly of an amplifier to drive these Q Acoustics speakers effectively.

And when they’re being driven effectively, there’s plenty to like in ultimate terms and even more when you keep the price of these speakers uppermost in your mind. They’re a balanced, poised and expressive listen, good at soundstaging, better at maintaining a convincing tonal balance, and best of all when it comes to detail retrieval.

Some of the best stereo speakers on the market? Yes. OK, they could do with a touch more dynamic headroom and a slightly more assured method of expressing rhythms, but really I’m tempted to ask what more you might realistically hope for when listening to a pair of compact, well-made floorstanders for this money…

(Image credit: Future / Simon Lucas)Q Acoustics 3040c review: Price & release date

• $1,099 / £599 (around AU$1,140, based on UK pricing)
• Released July 30, 2026

The Q Acoustics 3040c passive floorstanding loudspeakers are on sale now, and in the United Kingdom a pair will cost you £599. This translates to €899 in the Eurozone and £1099 in the United States (yes, a little pricier in the States) while prices for other territories, including Australia, are yet to be confirmed.

Competition? You'd really be looking at bookshelf speakers for anything as affordable as this from a trusted name — and let me be clear, Q Acoustics is one such name. So, it's a lot of speaker (and speaker tech) for the price.

(Image credit: Future / Simon Lucas)Q Acoustics 3040c review: Features

• 22mm soft dome tweeter
• 2 x 120mm Continuous Curved Cone mid/bass driver
• 43Hz - 30kHz frequency response
• 88dB sensitivity

No one’s expecting a whole lot of features when it comes to reasonably affordable passive loudspeakers, which is just as well given the Q Acoustics 3040c have just the essentials.

As is the company’s standard operating proactive, though, these few features are completely fit for purpose.

On the inside, Q Acoustics has used its targeted ‘point-to-point’ bracing technology — having identified those areas of the cabinet that are prone to low frequency vibrations, ‘P2P’ reinforcement seems to minimise those vibrations and produce a cleaner, better focused soundstage as a result. It’s also deployed ‘Helmholtz Pressure Equalisers’, a series of tubes that minimise internal pressure; this reduces the build-up of standing waves inside the cabinet and keeps sonic colouration to a minimum as a result.

At the rear of the cabinet there are a couple of very low-profile speaker binding posts, positioned just below a fairly large bass reflex port. Q Acoustics provides foam bungs for the ports — so feel free to experiment with the position of the speakers and the effect of the bungs too.

Up front there are three drivers that are familiar from some of the more expensive model ranges in the Q Acoustics line-up. Here, a decoupled 22mm soft-dome tweeter is positioned between two 120mm mid/bass drivers — these are of the ‘continuous curved cone’ design that made its debut much further up the Q Acoustics loudspeaker range.

‘‘C³’ is designed to combine the low-frequency response of a straight conic cone with the control and clarity more commonly associated with a flared cone design. It’s a straightforwardly impressive design with, at this point in time, nothing to prove.

• Features score: 5 / 5

(Image credit: Future / Simon Lucas)Q Acoustics 3040c review: Sound quality

• Full-scale sound with drive and poise in equal measure
• Great facility with detail retrieval
• Could use greater dynamic impetus

Every audio product reviewed at TechRadar (and there are myriad options) has be put into proper context, of course — and so while I’m going to open this section with a couple of mild-ish criticisms, it’s important to remember that these are relatively affordable floorstanding loudspeakers that are likely to form part of a relatively affordable stereo system. Agreed? Good.

So when playing a copy of Phoebe Bridger’s Lost Boys the 3040c don’t have quite the dynamic potency to track the changes in volume or attack quite as fully as they might. They can do more than allude to changes in intensity, of course, but they don’t put quite as much distance between ‘minimum’ and ‘maximum’ as is absolutely ideal.

And while I’m finding fault, there’s no denying the Q Acoustics don’t quite have the instinctive flow that’s required to fully express a rhythm or manage a tempo. Control of low-frequency activity is never in any doubt, and there’s no suggestion the speakers can drag at the rhythm of a recording — but there’s no denying the 3040c could sound more fluent, especially when asked to play overtly rhythm-based material.

But with this griping out of the way, I can concentrate on all the ways the 3040c is straightforwardly impressive.

It’s a very nicely balanced listen where tonality and frequency response are concerned, for starters. Previous Q Acoustics loudspeakers have tended to err on the warm-ish side of neutral when it comes to tonality, but the 3040c is not at all inclined to stick its oar in — any heat (or lack thereof) in the sound you’re experiencing is there before it reaches the speakers, either in the recording or in the source equipment that’s delivering it.

The speakers are poised and even from the bottom of the frequency range to the top; there’s no overstating of any part and no underplaying, just a smooth and balanced representation. The integration of the drivers is first class, and the point at which handover from the bigger drivers to the tweeter takes place is imperceptible.

As well as the low-frequency punch and substance I mentioned, the Q Acoustics deal with the attack and decay of bass information fairly confidently — and they’re just as adept when it comes to midrange resolution. The 3040c are a detailed listen in every respect, and this manifests itself particularly where voices are concerned. There’s plenty of information about timbre and texture made apparent. At the top end there’s similar alacrity, and more than a hint of bite and shine — but with the substance to ensure treble sounds are never hard or edgy.

Despite the lack of ultimate dynamic headroom, the Q Acoustics do good work with the more minor, but no less significant, dynamics of tonal and harmonic variation. They can identify and reveal even very fleeting and/or subtle occurrences in a recording, and coherently lay them out as part of the overall presentation. If there are details embedded in a recording, the 3040c do their utmost to get them to you.

• Sound quality score: 4.5 / 5

(Image credit: Future / Simon Lucas)Q Acoustics 3040c review: Design

• 942 x 285 x 281mm (HxWxD)
• Magnetically attached grilles
• Choice of four finishes

You have to hand it to Q Acoustics: the 3040c look, and even to an extent feel, like much more expensive loudspeakers than they actually are.

The standard of build and finish is excellent, and even the vinyl wrap that covers the MDF cabinets of my ‘Claro’ walnut review sample is a cut or two above the norm — and I am confident that is also the case if you prefer the ‘pin’ oak, satin white or satin black alternatives.

The 942 x 285 x 281mm (HxWxD) dimensions mean the proportions of the cabinet are harmonious. That ‘width’ measurement includes the small aluminium stabilisers that fit to the back of each cabinet and make it less susceptible to rocking or, heaven help us, toppling. The look of the cabinet is further enhanced by the crisply rendered curves along each horizontal edge.

Q Acoustics supplies magnetic grilles, but for my money you’re better off leaving them in the packaging and enjoying the sight of the driver array instead. The satin nickel brightwork that surrounds them is a confident touch, and another little flourish that suggests the 3040c might cost a fair bit more than they actually do.

• Design score: 5 / 5

(Image credit: Future / Simon Lucas)Q Acoustics 3040c review: Usability & setup

• Attach the stabilisers and spikes
• Connect to an amplifier using appropriate speaker cable
• Toe in just a little towards your listening position

Well, they’re passive loudspeakers and so setting them up and using them is hardly rocket science.

You’ll need to attach the little outrigger stabilisers to the bottom of each cabinet, and then attach the floor spikes. These can be adjusted from the top, so getting the cabinets level is no hardship.

Then, connect the speakers to the amplifier that’s driving them with speaker cable — ideally two identical lengths. And then try to make sure the speakers are toed in, just a fraction, towards the spot from where you do your listening.

• Usability & setup score: 5 / 5

(Image credit: Future / Simon Lucas)Q Acoustics 3040c review: Value

• You'll struggle to find decent floorstanding speakers for this money
• Q Acoustics is a trusted name — and the 3040c are worthy of that heritage

This money won’t even get you on the ladder at some loudspeaker companies, but Q Acoustics first made a name for itself by redefining what ‘entry level’ ought to mean where booth sonic performance and build quality are concerned.

It almost goes without saying that the 3040c does nothing to spoil this reputation — and as a result, it represents prodigious value for money for anyone who wants a fairly big sound from a fairly compact and unarguably affordable floorstander.

• Value score: 5 / 5

(Image credit: Future / Simon Lucas)Should I buy Q Acoustics 3040c?Q Acoustics 3040c scorecard

Attribute

Notes

Score

Features

One cannot expect a plethora of features with passive speakers, but Q Acoustics' proprietary audio architecture is beautifully made and finished

5 / 5

Sound quality

I have minor gripes with dynamic impetus — borderline churlish for this money, but it's my job to notice

4.5 / 5

Design

They look and feel far more expensive than they are

5 / 5

Setup & usability

Simple and easy, and not just because they're passive speakers (although that helps)

5 / 5

Value

This money won't get you on the ladder with most trusted speaker brands. Here, it gets you floorstanders…

5 / 5

Buy them if…

Your room is on the smaller side
These are compact towers, and while they need a bit of space in which to operate they don’t need loads

You want a speaker capable of surviving an upgrade or two
The 3040c will work happily with entry-level amplification, but are able to punch above their weight if you try something a little more capable

You appreciate a bit of stealth design
There’s nothing showy or try-hard about the industrial design language Q Acoustics is dealing in here

(Image credit: Future / Simon Lucas)Don’t buy them if…

You listen to lots of rhythm-centric music
They don’t have two left feet or anything, but the 3040c aren’t the most fluid when it comes to rhythmic expression

You have boisterous pets (or boisterous friends)
Those stabilisers are a good idea, but it doesn’t mean the Q Acoustics are topple-proof…

You like a bit of shock and awe in your music
The 3040c are just fractionally inhibited when it comes to large-scale dynamics

Q Acoustics 3040c review: Also consider

Part of the appeal of the 3040c, in addition to the way they look and sound, is the money Q Acoustics wants in exchange for a pair. It’s genuinely hard to find a pair of floorstanding loudspeakers from a brand anything like as credible as this one for anything like the money — even brands such as DALI, Fyne Audio or Monitor Audio (to name just three) start their floorstanding ranges with models costing several hundred of your chosen currency more than this.

If you're happy to consider bookshelf models however, look to the Dali Sonik 1 or even Cambridge Audio L/R S. But again, they're not floorstanding speakers.

How I tested the Q Acoustics 3040c

I connected the 3040c to a WiiM Amp Pro using a couple of lengths of QED loudspeaker cable, and then connected a preamplified Technics turntable to the WiiM’s single analog input.

I used a Rega CD player, connected to the amplifier’s digital optical input, and also streamed via Bluetooth and Tidal Connect using an Apple iPhone 15 Pro. Which meant I was able to listen to music in lots of different formats, and at lots of different resolutions, more-or-less non-stop for a week or so.

• Read TechRadar's Reviews Guarantee
• First reviewed: July 2026

I asked ChatGPT for one sensible answer, one slightly reckless answer, and a third that combined the best parts of both. The difference was immediate. Instead of giving me the usual safe, predictable advice, it laid out three genuinely distinct approaches — and helped me see the tradeoffs between them.

That small prompt trick solves one of ChatGPT’s most persistent problems: its tendency to give you the most obvious reasonable answer and stop there.

Large language models are very good at identifying common patterns. Ask for the best vacation plan or how to organize your fridge, and you will usually get something perfectly sensible — but also fairly basic. They know what advice usually works, what people typically recommend and what has become accepted wisdom. That makes them useful, but often bland.

The solution is to ask for three kinds of answer: the conventional approach, the unconventional approach, and then a hybrid that combines the strengths of both.

The exercise encourages it to compare different approaches instead of treating the first reasonable answer as the finish line. Better still, it gives you something far more valuable than a single recommendation. It gives you a range of possibilities and explains the tradeoffs between them.

Don't just skip to the finish line

The biggest advantage of this technique is that it makes the conversation about exploring alternatives rather than just picking a winner. Any keyword search can give immediate answers, but AI chatbots are more interesting when laying out competing ideas.

Imagine you are planning a weekend trip, often a go-to experiment. A standard prompt might produce a sensible itinerary filled with the highest-rated attractions. The three-solution prompt, meanwhile, begins with the expected museums and restaurants, then suggests renting bicycles to explore overlooked neighborhoods or planning the entire weekend around independent bookstores and local festivals. The hybrid version could blend a couple of famous attractions with enough unusual stops to make the trip feel personal.

The explanations are often as useful as the answer itself. Once you understand why ChatGPT prefers each option, you can make better decisions rather than simply accepting the recommendation with the nicest wording.

Hybrid conventionality

It's also a good prompt for iterating ideas. If the hybrid solution feels close but not quite right, you can ask ChatGPT to repeat the exercise using that version as the new starting point. After two or three rounds, the ideas often become noticeably more distinctive without drifting into complete nonsense.

The trick also scales well from short projects at home to more grandiose schemes that will take months to complete. Almost any situation that benefits from weighing different approaches can benefit from this style of prompt.

You can improve the results even further by giving ChatGPT a little context before asking for the three versions. A conventional answer built around your actual circumstances is much more useful than a generic one, and the unconventional suggestion becomes more interesting because it has meaningful boundaries to push against.

None of this guarantees a brilliant idea every time. Sometimes the unconventional option is genuinely impractical, and occasionally the hybrid answer feels like an awkward compromise. But the best prompts rarely force ChatGPT to mimic greater intelligence as much as encourage different approaches to problems. Asking for the conventional solution, the unconventional solution, and the best combination of both is a simple habit for more thoughtful conversations with AI chatbots.

DJI Osmo Pocket 4P: One-minute review

The Pocket 4P marks a big moment in DJI’s hugely popular series of compact vlogging cameras, being the first model with two lenses, even if Insta360 stole its thunder with the Luna Ultra, which it released in June.

I’ve already reviewed the single-lens Pocket 4, and it’s a brilliant handheld 4K camera. The ‘P’ version is largely identical but for its dual-lens array and a ‘refined’ 1-inch sensor that's equipped with LOFIC tech, plus a new D-Log 2 color profile.

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For the most part, you can discover all you need to know about the Pocket 4P's design and performance in my Pocket 4 review. In this write-up, I'll focus on the new features of the bulkier model, and the real difference they make.

And I can say this right now: now that I’ve tried the Pocket 4P, it’ll be hard for me to return to single-lens models like the Pocket 4. That additional 3x telephoto lens unleashes a wide variety of shooting options to complement the highly capable ultra-wide main camera. On-the-go sequences with DJI's superb subject tracking in play, for example, can be particularly dynamic. It really is like having two cameras in one tiny device.

Two lenses means twice the camera (Image credit: Tim Coleman)

That being said, there is an inevitable design compromise: twin lenses make for a bulkier camera unit, with inexplicably no protective housing currently available, and a top-heavy design. If you already own a Pocket, and are wondering if the new Pocket 4P is worth it, or if it’s worth jumping ship from DJI to the Insta360 Luna Ultra, check out my Pocket 4 vs Luna Ultra article.

For me, the first-generation Luna Ultra is a compelling alternative with its 8K video and detachable module, but I can also tell that the Pocket 4P is a fourth-generation product — it feels more polished overall. It has neat accessories of its own, too, such as the magnetic fill light and remote module. As such, DJI's dual-lens Pocket 4P is now my top compact vlogging-camera pick.

DJI Osmo Pocket 4P: price and release date

• Announced on May 14 2026 at Cannes Film Festival, available from July 30
• Available in black or white versions, priced from £529 / AU$959. No US availability at launch
• Variety of bundles available, including a Vlog Combo kit for £605 / AU$1,099

With twin sensors / lenses, the Pocket 4P's mark-up over the single-lens Pocket 4 is justified. The 'P' version is excellent value. (Image credit: Tim Coleman)

Despite essentially having no competition in markets such as drones and, previously, gimbal vlogging cameras, DJI has always priced its products competitively. It usually undercuts rivals where actual alternatives exist, too, such as GoPro and Insta360 action cameras.

Insta360 outright said it wasn’t going to compete on price, but rather on features when speaking about its Luna Ultra, and that has turned out to be the case. Where the Luna Ultra starts at $770 / £650 / AU$1,230, the Pocket 4P comes in at £529 / AU$959 — though it's not available in the US at launch. Meanwhile, the single-lens Pocket 4 costs from £429 / AU$749.

Considering that the Pocket 4P has the extra camera with its own sensor, that price increase over the Pocket 4 feels completely justified, and in my book the Pocket 4P is excellent value, especially when you consider the quality of the 4K video footage it's able to produce.

The Pocket 4P is available in Black or White versions, and there are bundles available. The Vlog Combo, for example, includes the DJI Mic 2 Mini wireless mic, remote controller, fill light, tripod stand and tripod grip, and costs £605 / AU$1,099 — that's the bundle I'd go for.

• Price score: 5/5

DJI Osmo Pocket 4P: specsDJI Osmo Pocket 4P specs

Lens(es):

20mm f/2.0 (1-inch sensor), 60mm f/1.8 (1/1.28-inch sensor)

Video:

4K and 1080p up to 60fps, plus slow motion up to 240fps

Photo:

Up to 9.4MP in RAW & JPEG, up to 37MP in SuperPhoto mode

Storage:

107GB internal, microSD card slot

Battery:

1,545mAh, up to 3.5 hours Full HD record time

Charger type:

USB-C / optional fast PD charger

Weight:

8.1oz / 230g

Dimensions:

159.5 x 63.3 x 33.5mm (L x W x H)

DJI Osmo Pocket 4P: Design

• Dual 20mm f/2.0 and 60mm f/1.8 lenses
• Otherwise the same design as the Pocket 4, with rotating screen and gimbal-mounted camera
• USB-C charging and 107GB of internal storage in addition to micro SD

(Image credit: Tim Coleman)

Save for the bulkier dual-camera system and a total weight of 8.1oz / 230g, the Pocket 4P’s design is identical to the Pocket 4; it’s extremely compact, features a 2-inch touchscreen which rotates 90 degrees between vertical and horizontal formats, and a customizable five-button array, with a joystick that controls gimbal movement or zoom.

The extra two buttons, revealed when the screen is rotated to horizontal, help speed up access to various settings. For example, the C button can be assigned for direct access to two custom profiles — handy if you regularly switch between, say, color settings such as D-Log and shooting modes such as slow motion.

It certainly pays dividends to spend time customizing the camera to suit how you use it, so that you’re not fussing with settings when you're out and about.

For me, the single-lens Pocket 4 feels perfectly balanced, and it’s notably smaller than Insta360’s Luna cameras. The 4P, however, somewhat sacrifices that advantage on the alter of dual-camera versatility — it’s a little top-heavy, and I found it more comfortable to use with a tripod grip and mini tripod attached. The Luna Ultra feels more balanced because its handle is bulkier (see the Pocket 4 / 4P / Luna Ultra comparison photos, below).

Gimbal movement still feels smooth, and the shots steady and smooth, despite the extra weight of the cameras.

DJI Pocket 4 (left), DJI Pocket 4P (right)Tim ColemanDJI Pocket 4 (left), DJI Pocket 4P (right)Tim ColemanDJI Pocket 4P (left), Insta360 Luna Ultra (right)Tim ColemanDJI Pocket 4P (left), Insta360 Luna Ultra (right)Tim ColemanDJI Pocket 4P (left), Insta360 Luna Ultra (right)Tim Coleman

At launch there's no hard-shell protective case for the Pocket 4P, as there is for the Pocket 3, nor a slimline gimbal protector, like you get with the Pocket 4. This means the bulkier camera module remains somewhat unprotected, which is something DJI needs to be rectify ASAP.

There are also no dedicated ND filter kits from DJI at launch, though I fully expect that situation to change very soon through third parties (it might even have done so by the time you read this).

As with the Pocket 4, there’s the fill-light accessory, which attaches magnetically to the gimbal’s arm and is powered by the camera, and which lets you choose between three brightness levels and three color temperatures.

The light won’t make much of a difference to your images in bright daylight, but in low light and for indoors, it’s game changing for vlogging. I found the warm setting at the medium brightness level was a sweet spot for the times I wanted to use the light.

The Pocket 4P turned off, where its lenses sit out horizontallyTim ColemanAnd turned on, the lenses sit verticallyTim ColemanThe main 1-inch ultra-wide 20mm f/2.0 camera (bottom), and the new 3x telephoto f/1.8 camera (top)Tim ColemanThe screen rotates 90-degrees between vertical and horizontal formats. When shooting vertically, two control buttons are hidden by the screenTim ColemanBut they are revealed in horiztonal formatTim ColemanNote the top gimbal arm is magnetic and accepts a fill light accessory, which is powered by the camera and has three brightness settings, and three color temperature settingsTim Coleman

Then there’s the tiny remote control, borrowed from the Osmo Mobile 8P. This easily connects to the Pocket 4P over Bluetooth, and can be used to remotely view and control the camera. It’s a neat answer to Insta360’s modular controller in its Luna cameras, though the DJI module doesn’t feature a built-in mic, as Insta360’s does.

For occasions when you're taking hands-free shots with the Pocket 4P rested on a surface or support, the remote controller is super-handy. The controls are slightly stripped back versus the camera’s control layout, but the key controls, such as touch subject-tracking, record, and gimbal movement / zoom are there.

• Design score: 4.5/5

DJI Osmo Pocket 4: Performance

• Improved subject tracking
• 107GB of built-in memory added
• Higher-capacity battery extends record times

A major feature in Pocket cameras is subject-tracking autofocus. You really don’t want to be messing around moving the gimbal manually with the joystick, which can be fiddly and jerky. Thankfully, subject tracking, the latest version of which DJI calls ‘ActiveTrack 7.0’, is super-reliable — you double-tap on the subject, and the camera does the rest. For me, it performs slightly better than Insta360 Luna’s tracking, even if it does at times feel like its ‘keeping up’ with fast-moving subjects rather than keeping them central.

Battery life is solid, though you will notice it drop quicker with certain modes, such as 4K 60fps video recording, hyperlapse, and slow-motion 240fps. The camera also gets pretty warm pretty quickly when using these modes, though I’ve not had it overheat and shut down during my testing.

Future / Tim ColemanTim Coleman

With compact vlogging cameras such as the Pocket series, the battery is non-removable, so you are relying on that USB-C rechargeable internal unit. I found myself conscious of having to charge the camera on heavy use days — that’s life with a Pocket. There is, however, an optional battery grip available to extend shot life.

In addition to a microSD card slot, DJI includes a generous 107GB of built-in storage. That’s enough for a lot of 4K clips, even when utilizing the maximum 200Mbps bit rate.

Recording internally, you'll need to transfer files either over Wi-Fi or wired USB-C. Thankfully, there’s next-gen Wi-Fi 6 and USB 3.1 support on board, delivering fast transfer speeds and making for an efficient workflow on the move.

As with other Pockets, the 4P can get a little warm when you're using its more power-hungry features, such as 4K 60fps and hyperlapse. I've not had any overheating issues to the point where the camera shuts down, but I was aware of the camera warming up while holding it.

• Performance score: 5/5

DJI Osmo Pocket 4: Image and video quality

• 1-inch sensor ultra-wide camera, and a new 3x telephoto, up to 12x zoom
• D-Log2 profile with up 17EV dynamic range
• Low-light further boosts the improved 14 stops dynamic range

There is one minor difference between the Pocket 4P and Pocket 4’s ultra-wide 20mm f/2.0 camera: the ‘refined’ 1-inch sensor, which unleashes a new log color profile, D-Log 2.

DJI says the refined sensor features LOFIC tech — which in simple terms is like super HDR, only it works in real time, which differs to HDR. I first came across the term LOFIC when reviewing the Oppo Find X9 Ultra phone.

The fruit of LOFIC and D-Log 2 is an expanded 17 stops of dynamic range, while the regular Log profile has around 14 stops. D-Log 2 is only available with the ultra-wide camera because it’s linked to the sensor tech, whereas the new 3x telephoto camera uses a separate 1/1.28-inch sensor.

D-Log 2 also isn’t available in every shooting mode, such as Slow Motion 240fps, although like the Pocket 4, that 10x slo-mo is available in 4K, or up to 200fps when using the 3x telephoto camera.

I’ve shot the same clips in D-Log 2, D-Log and ‘Normal’ color profiles (all 10-bit) to make quality comparisons, especially regarding dynamic range, and to see how easy it is to grade the footage for a consistent look. I’ve also shot using some of the built-in color profiles, such as ‘NC film’ and ‘Movie’.

The level of detail that the Pocket 4P is able to hold, especially in D-Log 2, is majorly impressive, especially for such a small and affordable camera. For me, outright 4K image quality is where DJI has the edge over Insta360, and most leading smartphones.

Is D-Log2 enough reason to upgrade from the Pocket 4? Not for me, but there is a more compelling reason: the second camera. The 60mm f/1.8 telephoto optic is essentially a 3x portrait lens, with a pleasant shallow depth of field for upper-body vlogging and shooting closeup details. It’s limited to D-Log or Normal color profiles, but the overall quality is really, really nice, and the footage gives a totally different perspective to the ultra-wide camera's.

Where that 3x lens really shines is when it’s coupled with some of the Pocket 4P’s major features, such as active tracking. With the tighter perspective, creative camera movements tracking a subject on the move can look particularly dynamic, especially where there are other objects in the foreground.

The zoom capabilities are further extended — where the Pocket 4 was limited to a 2x lossless zoom and 4x digital zoom, the Pocket 4P again has the 2x lossless zoom with the ultra-wide lens, plus 6x lossless with the telephoto lens and up to a 12x digital zoom.

The quality of that 12x zoom is okay at a pinch, but if quality is your main concern, I wouldn’t go beyond the 6x setting.

I don’t like the way the heavier dual-camera setup impacts how the camera feels in the hand, but it’s a game-changing feature for this type of camera, and for me it now feels impossible to return to the single-lens format.

The Luna Ultra goes one step further for resolution, with 8K video recording. Personally, I’m happy with a camera that is limited to 4K recording, but whose quality at this resolution, especially regarding dynamic range and color, is more pleasing on the eye. That's the Pocket 4P.

• Image and video quality score: 5/5

DJI Osmo Pocket 4P: testing scorecardDJI Osmo Pocket 4P

Attributes

Notes

Rating

Price

Pricier than the Pocket 4 but cheaper than the Luna Ultra. You're getting a lot of camera for your money

5/5

Design

The dual lenses are a success, but in otherwise keeping the same body design, the Pocket 4P feels top-heavy

4.5/5

Performance

Industry-leading image stabilization and subject tracking, decent battery life and generous internal storage

5/5

Image and video quality

Yes it's 'only' 4K, but the Pocket 4P can shoot gorgeous footage up to that resolution, especially with the second lens

5/5

Should I buy the DJI Osmo Pocket 4P?Buy it if...

You want more from your Pocket
The dual lenses are a revelation, broadening the kind of shots you can make versus the single-lens models that are restricted to an ultra-wide field of view.

You want the most polished and feature-rich compact vlogging camera
Sure, the Luna Ultra comes with innovative features, but the Pocket 4P has its own unique tricks, and overall it feels like the more polished camera.

Don't buy it if...

You don't need the second lens
Many people have happily been vlogging with a single-lens Pocket camera for years. If you only need that ultra-wide angle, it's wiser to stick with the Pocket 3 or opt for the Pocket 4 instead — they're physically smaller, and cost less.

You want the smallest possible Pocket
The dual-camera setup wins for versatility, but it does result in a bulkier, top-heavy design when compared to the regular Pocket 4.

DJI Osmo Pocket 4P: also consider

DJI Osmo Pocket 4

Don't need the second lens? You'll save a packet by opting for the Pocket 4 instead, which otherwise has essentially the same features, and get a more streamlined camera, with a neat gimbal protector to boot.

Read our in-depth DJI Osmo Pocket 4 review

Insta360 Luna Ultra

Love the sound of dual lenses in a compact vlogging camera? The Luna Ultra is a compelling and strikingly similar alternative, but with 8K video recording and a neat detachable module which comprises the screen, key control and built-in mic. The Luna Ultra arguably wins on innovation, but the Pocket 4P wins by being more polished. The Luna Ultra is pricier than the 4P, too.

Read our in-depth Insta360 Luna Ultra review

How I tested the DJI Osmo Pocket 4P

(Image credit: Tim Coleman)

• DJI loaned me the Pocket 4P Vlog Combo kit for a couple of months ahead of the July 30 release
• I shot plenty of 4K footage with the various color profiles, and used the various accessories
• I compared it to the single-lens Pocket 4 and dual-lens Insta360 Luna Ultra

I used the DJI Pocket 4P for almost two months ahead of my review embargo, during which time I regularly shot 4K video using the 20mm and 60mm lenses, the various frame rates up to 240fps, and the range of color profiles, including the new D-Log2. I tried the various shooting modes too, such as hyperlapse, and took photos in the regular and SuperPhoto modes.

In the Vlog Combo kit was a DJI Mini 2 Mini, remote module and fill light, and I tested both those accessories. I generally recorded onto the camera's internal memory, transferred files through USB-C and checked transfer times, ran the camera battery down, and checked recharge times using the supplied USB-C cable.

During my review period I also had the Pocket 4, enabling me to assess the key differences between the single- and dual-lens models. I also had the rival Insta360 Luna Ultra, again allowing me to make direct comparisons.

• First reviewed: July 2026
• Read more about how we test

The problem with online shopping is that it makes it far too easy to buy pretty much anything, without properly considering whether you really need it. I started to wonder if ChatGPT could help me make better decisions, by questioning every purchase I was going to make, before I made it.

To test ChatGPT’s ability to stop me wasting money, I picked four tempting purchases and asked ChatGPT to argue against each one. It had to check the price history, suggest cheaper alternatives, and decide whether the purchase solved a real problem, or if I was just scratching an itch to buy.

Here's how ChatGPT did — and the results surprised me.

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I started with a tech gadget I was thinking of buying — an Apple MacBook M5 — and went to ChatGPT with the following prompt: “I'm thinking of buying an Apple MacBook Air 13-inch Laptop M5 chip. Help me check the price history, suggest cheaper alternatives and decide whether the purchase solves a real problem."

ChatGPT said it would check current pricing and recent lows, compare genuinely cheaper options, then pressure-test whether the purchase replaced a real limitation, or was mostly me trying to satisfy an upgrade itch, and off it went.

After a lot of thinking, ChatGPT replied with a devastating verdict that made me pull back from hitting the 'Buy' button: “Don’t buy the M5 MacBook Air yet.”

It suggested I get the previous M4 version instead, which is considerably cheaper, which didn't hugely surprise me. Then it gave me some questions to ask myself, in order to work out if buying a new MacBook was actually solving a real problem, or if I was just satisfying a buying itch.

Questions like, “Does your existing Mac have noticeable slowdowns?” It suggested I shouldn’t buy a new machine if my main argument was simply that my current Mac was a few generations old.bChatGPT also gave me some buying options if I was determined to go through with a purchase.

The most useful advice here wasn’t the cheaper recommendation — it was being forced to identify the exact limitation my current MacBook was causing me. I couldn’t, so I decided to keep it until I could.

Then I hit on a simple phrase that could potentially work even better — "Try to talk me out of it".

Talk me out of it

I repeated the experiment with a few other items I’d been thinking of buying recently. An item of clothing (new trainers), a subscription (Disney+), and a kitchen thing (a new microwave). But this time I added "Try to talk me out of it" at the end of each prompt.

In each case, Chat surprised me with its answer, provided alternatives, and made me question whether I genuinely wanted the item, or if there was something else driving my decision.

With the trainers, it pointed out that I already owned shoes that served the same purpose, and suggested waiting until those wore out. For Disney+, it recommended subscribing for a single month when there were several things I actually wanted to watch. The microwave was different — because our existing one had a genuine fault, ChatGPT concluded that replacing it was justified.

The experiment worked because it helped me mentally reframe each purchase. Instead of asking whether I wanted something, I had to consider what problem it solved, what I already owned, and whether there was a cheaper way to get the same result.

Online shopping is designed to remove as much friction as possible from spending money. ChatGPT gave me some of that friction back. So now, whenever I’m about to spend a few hundred pounds, or a few thousand, I ask it the same question: “Talk me out of it.”

Artificial intelligence came at just about the right time, speeding up app and software development as the world started to contend with skills shortages, but it changed the pace so much that security teams have not been able to keep up.

Recently, we’ve seen AI being applied across multiple other domains with role-specific agents and tools, but that’s introduced its own challenges. While tools like Claude Code have proven a hit for generating, reviewing and editing code in seconds, security-focused tools like Anthropic’s Claude Mythos family of models are having broader impacts on the industry.

Anthropic itself has even admitted that Mythos is so powerful that the worry it could be abused by malicious criminals is extremely real – the Preview model is currently only available to a select number of pre-approved partners.

So with AI now capable of inspecting code, discovering vulnerabilities and suggesting fixes, do organizations even need as many human workers on the case, or can they get by with significantly fewer humans in the loop serving as AI reviewers? Recent layoffs have certainly implied as much.

The evolving role of security workers in an AI-first world

But with the entire lifecycle of development now amplified by AI, experts are warning that companies could actually be creating more work for themselves, and more than they could ever handle, leaving them facing strains from angles they weren’t previously exposed to.

For example, fewer than one in 10 companies now fix 90% of identified vulnerabilities within 90 days – implying that the volume of vulnerabilities is indeed increasing, rather than that fix efficiency is slipping.

Anthropic even revealed that its around 50 early Mythos Preview partners discovered more than 10,000 high- or critical-severity vulnerabilities – and thousands more of lesser significance.

Checkmarx CEO Sandeep Johri predicts we could soon find a balance, where vulnerabilities volume matters less and we revert our focus back toward exploitable risks. I spoke with Johri about the evolution of AppSec, where AI is and isn’t useful, and how organizations can balance speed and control.

• With the rise of AI coding tools and AI-generated software, some are questioning whether traditional application security practices are becoming outdated. Is AppSec actually becoming obsolete, or is it evolving?

Traditional application security is not obsolete. It is evolving to meet the reality of how software is being built today.

For years, the process was fairly linear: developers wrote code, security teams scanned it, and vulnerabilities were addressed later. That approach becomes much harder when software is being created at a much faster pace with the help of AI.

AI accelerates development and risk simultaneously: 70% of developers say AI-generated code created more vulnerabilities in 2025, according to our research. As code volume and complexity compound, security needs to move earlier into the development process, giving developers the tools and guidance they need while they are building.

Security teams will continue to play a critical role to help organizations develop software and maintain confidence in their enterprise applications. But their focus needs to shift from finding vulnerabilities to remediating them at scale, because we are tracking an enormous gap in most companies. Our data finds that fewer than 10% of organizations fix 90% of identified vulnerabilities in 90 days.

• AI coding tools are helping developers create software faster than ever before. What new security challenges does this introduce for organizations adopting these technologies at scale?

The biggest challenge is that development speed is increasing faster than many security processes can keep up with. AI coding tools allow teams to create and deploy software quickly, but the code generated by AI still needs to be reviewed, tested, and secured.

Companies that ship 81-100% of their code with AI are nearly three times more likely to ship vulnerable code than those who use AI 1-20% of the time. This volume can overwhelm security teams with thousands of findings, many of which don't represent meaningful risk. The priority needs to be identifying the vulnerabilities that actually create exposure and helping teams fix those issues faster.


• Many organizations are looking to AI to help identify and fix security vulnerabilities. Why shouldn’t companies rely solely on AI models to secure the code that AI is helping create?

AI is a valuable tool for security teams, but organizations still need accuracy, context, and human oversight. AI can help identify patterns, analyze code, and accelerate remediation, but security decisions require confidence in what risks actually matter.

Frontier models can uncover hidden exploit paths, but they can also deliver inconsistent findings and false positives. Their results may change depending on the prompt, and they can still miss known critical vulnerabilities.

The challenge with relying only on AI is that organizations may create a false sense of security, or “automation bias.” AI models can generate code and help analyze vulnerabilities, but they need to be paired with security expertise and proven security practices.

The most effective approach combines AI-driven capabilities with strong security foundations, so teams can move faster while maintaining control over risk.

• As companies adopt more AI tools throughout the development process, what are the biggest security risks they need to consider beyond just AI-generated code?

Organizations need to think beyond the code itself and look at the entire AI ecosystem being introduced into software development. Many companies are adopting AI tools, models, agents, libraries, and other components faster than they can establish governance around them. This creates visibility challenges because security teams may not know what AI technologies are being used, where they exist in applications, or whether they meet security requirements.

Another concern is shadow AI, where employees use AI tools without formal approval or oversight. Organizations need visibility, clear policies, and a way to manage these technologies as part of their overall software supply chain.



Perhaps the most urgent problem is the expansion of the attack surface itself. With LLMs, it has never been faster, cheaper, or easier for bad actors to exploit software. Issues that sat undetected for years are now being surfaced and weaponized at machine speed. Of the vulnerabilities Mythos has found so far, 99% haven't been patched, according to Gartner.

• How does the rise of AI change the role of security teams? Does the traditional approach to finding vulnerabilities need to shift toward a model focused more on prioritization, remediation, and continuous protection?

Identifying vulnerabilities is no longer enough when organizations already have more findings than they can realistically address. Security has to become continuous, embedded in development workflows, working in lockstep with developers, to build securely from the start while maintaining visibility and control.



We are shifting the focus to understand which issues create the greatest risk to give developers the context to address them fast, where code is written in the IDE.

Fidelity now matters more than volume. One verified true positive is worth more than a hundred low-confidence findings. If developers can’t trust what they’re shown, they’ll start ignoring it. That’s why organizations are increasingly looking at metrics like F1 score, which measure precision and recall together, rather than raw finding counts.

• What does the future of application security look like in an AI-driven software development world? Will organizations need a different approach to balancing speed, innovation, and security?

The future of application security will require a more integrated approach. Organizations are going to continue adopting AI because the productivity benefits are significant, but security needs to evolve alongside that innovation.

Security will become more agentic, more intelligent, and more closely connected to the development process. Part of that evolution is combining deterministic, rules-based scanning with AI-driven reasoning in a single process, rather than running them as separate, disconnected tools. Deterministic methods catch what’s already proven; AI reasoning catches what’s novel. Together they’re more complete than either alone.



In addition, deterministic models have real cost advantages. Asking a frontier model to reason its way to security (i.e. extra review passes, self-generated threat models) burns tokens fast. That cost compounds the longer a vulnerability survives: cheap to fix in the IDE, more expensive in CI/CD, most expensive once it's live in runtime. And every time a developer has to stop and pull a vulnerability out of code that's already shipped, that's velocity lost to rework instead of innovation.

Teams will need technology that can help identify real risks, support faster remediation, and provide visibility across the entire software lifecycle. The organizations that succeed will be those that make security part of how they build software, allowing developers to move quickly while reducing unnecessary risk.

• For organizations that are embracing AI coding tools today, what steps should they take to make sure they can innovate quickly without introducing unnecessary security risks?

The first step is visibility. Organizations need to understand where AI is being used, what tools are being introduced, and what impact those tools have on their applications.

Remediation is far cheaper the earlier it happens — catching an issue in the IDE costs a fraction of catching it further down the pipeline. But there’s another unsettling gap in our research: nearly all developers have access to in-IDE security tools, but fewer than one in five actually secure code as they write it. The cost of fixing that issue compounds as it passes through later stages of development.



In addition, organizations need clear governance around AI adoption, because only 22% currently have formal AI governance policies in place. That means defining policies, monitoring usage, and making sure teams have the right security controls as they continue to innovate.



AI will continue to change software development. The companies that benefit most will be the ones that embrace the technology while building security into the process from the beginning.

Recent conversations with clients, owner-operators, investors, contractors and technology partners across the global data center market have given a clear picture of where the sector is heading. The same themes keep coming up: AI, high-density compute, power constraints, liquid cooling, resilience, speed to market and operational performance.

Capacity demand is still strong, and that is clear from the level of activity and investment across the market. The question now is what happens after capacity is secured, and whether owner-operators have enough visibility to use it properly.

Businesses are asking more detailed questions about how their assets will perform, how much capacity they can use safely and how much freedom they will have to adapt as customer requirements change.

Three takeaways stand out.

1. Capacity is becoming an operational question

The data center industry has spent much of the last decade focused on scale - larger sites, faster delivery, more power and higher levels of availability. Those requirements haven’t disappeared, but the operating environment has become more demanding.

Securing capacity is no longer only a development question. Owner-operators also need to know how a facility will behave in operation, how much of that capacity can be used safely and where constraints are likely to appear across load, cooling, controls and system performance.

That becomes more difficult when projects are still conceived as separate engineering packages. The building, power architecture, cooling strategy, controls, telemetry and operating model all need to work together, yet valuable data often sits across different platforms, vendors, formats and levels of access. The result can be an asset that meets the design brief but is harder for the operator to understand and adapt once live.

For owner-operators, this creates a long-term issue. They need confidence not only in the design, but in the data and systems that show how the facility is performing. They also need to know where constraints are emerging and how future demand can be accommodated without compromising or restricting future choices.

Land, power and water still dominate data center development, but they do not show how much usable capacity a facility really has once it is running. That comes from visibility into performance and constraints. Without it, operators can run too cautiously, leave capacity unused or make decisions later than they should.

This is why intelligence and insight are becoming the new data center currency. They help operators understand where capacity exists, where the limits are, and what they can safely offer commercially.

2. Keeping control of data, systems and future decisions

Owner-operators are now giving more attention to their operational data and future technology choices. This is not just about the platform they use, but who controls the information needed to run the asset, who can access it, how it’s structured and whether it supports changes later in the life of the facility.

Vendor platforms have an important role to play, but owner-operators also need to protect their ability to access, structure and use their own operational data. If data is difficult to extract, poorly structured or locked into a proprietary environment, it can limit future decisions and make it harder to compare performance, bring in new tools or respond to changes in workload.

That becomes more important as AI demand develops. The sector is still learning what long-term AI infrastructure requirements will look like, with density profiles, cooling strategies, redundancy models and customer expectations still changing. Operators need architectures that leave them room to adapt, rather than forcing decisions that narrow their choices too early.

If they can’t access and use their own operational data, it becomes harder to understand performance, compare different approaches or adjust the operating model as workloads develop. Data ownership, access and structure need to be considered much earlier, rather than left for the operations team after handover.

3. Operational intelligence must influence design and delivery

Operational intelligence can’t be treated as something separate from the design and delivery process. If owner-operators need better visibility once a facility is live, they must make the decisions that make that possible much earlier.

That includes the controls strategy, the way telemetry is captured, how data is structured and how different systems will share information in operation. These decisions can seem secondary during a build program, particularly when speed to market is under pressure, but they influence what the operator can see, understand and change later.

This is where the link between design and operation becomes more important. A facility can meet the brief at handover and still be difficult to manage if the operational model hasn’t been thought through properly. Operators need assets that they can monitor, adjust, and improve as workload demands change, without reducing future flexibility or limiting future operational choices.

Demand for new space and power is still strong, and that will continue to drive the sector. The next question is how that capacity is understood, controlled and used once it is built. That is why operational intelligence is now part of the capacity conversation.

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Mainframes continue to underpin a vast share of the global economy, handling roughly 70% of the world’s core transactions.

The idea that AI-powered code translation will enable enterprises to modernize the platform or even move away from these systems seemed an innovative approach—but it’s fundamentally flawed.

Translating code is not the same as modernizing a business-critical platform and conflating the two risks underestimating their complexity and destabilizing the systems businesses still depend on most.

Rather than rendering the mainframe obsolete, AI, cyber resilience, and hybrid cloud are fundamentally changing how it fits into the enterprise.

The digital backbone quietly powering critical industries

These systems sit at the heart of the world’s most critical industries - from banking and insurance to government and transportation – where performance, security, and resilience are non-negotiable.

Far from being relics of a past era, they function as foundational IT infrastructure: deeply embedded, continuously operating, and shaped by decades of accumulated business logic that cannot simply be rewritten without risk of disruption.

This is why, according to IBM’s Institute for Business Value, 75% of organizations still expect mainframe applications to remain central to their digital transformation, while 60% see them as essential to enabling AI.

Therefore, it’s about evolving what already works at global scale.

What is often overlooked is how significantly the platform has already changed. Today’s mainframe is no longer an isolated environment, but an integrated part of modern enterprise architecture – one that connects seamlessly with cloud platforms, AI and supports developers working across systems with consistent tools and practices.

Ultimately, driving innovation into the transactional world.

Where transformation is really happening

Modernization is not a question of programming languages, but of resilience, efficiency, and future readiness. As such, it has moved beyond the CIO agenda and into the wider C-suite conversation.

At the center of this shift is a fundamental rethink of how organizations work with their most valuable asset: data.

Rather than extracting data from the mainframe, many enterprises are bringing applications and innovation closer to where that data already resides. This “data proximity” model allows teams to work directly with accurate, real-time information, without duplicating datasets or introducing additional risk, cost, and complexity.

At the same time, modern integration approaches ensure that sensitive data remains tightly governed and controlled - accessible where needed, but never indiscriminately exposed across environments. In an era of increasing regulatory scrutiny, this balance between accessibility and control is becoming a decisive advantage.

AI isn’t replacing core systems - it’s extending and embracing them

AI is becoming a powerful accelerator of this transformation, helping organizations unlock more value from their core systems. It enables faster decisions, real-time insights, and new digital services built on trusted enterprise data.

A good example comes from the banking sector, where a leading player’s modernization efforts are helping support advanced fraud detection capabilities by analysing 100% of transactions in real time. AI is integrated into the core platform, improving performance and decision-making where the data lives, while providing a robust foundation to scale workloads, productivity, and innovation.

It is also reshaping the developer and engineering experience. Tasks that once required deep, specialized knowledge - such as working within COBOL-based applications - are becoming more accessible. This enables a new generation of developers to work with mainframe systems as naturally as they do with other enterprise platforms.

Crucially, organizations are combining the core strengths of the mainframe with a diverse set of AI models including smaller, more efficient models trained on their own enterprise data. The ability to choose the right model for each use case delivers a more secure, scalable, and effective experience.

Security moves to the boardroom

As cyber threats, operational risks, and regulatory pressures intensify, resilience is no longer just an IT concern, it is a board-level priority.

Against that backdrop, mainframes remain central to enterprise security strategies. They underpin encryption, secure transaction processing, ransomware resilience, and regulatory compliance, providing a trusted foundation for critical operations.

Increasingly, they are also being used to prepare for emerging threats: For example, incorporating digital certificates to better handle access in an agentic world, anticipating possible fraud in instant payments, and getting ready for a post-quantum security landscape, where sensitive data intercepted today could be decrypted in the future as computing capabilities advance.

Hybrid cloud reshapes the role of the mainframe

The mainframe no longer operates in isolation, but as part of a hybrid cloud architecture.

Through APIs and modern integration, organizations are enabling mainframes to participate fully in enterprise-wide digital ecosystems - combining the flexibility of cloud environments with the reliability, performance, and governance required for mission-critical workloads.

This is not about migration for its own sake, but about interoperability and architectural balance. For example, one of Europe's largest financial technology providers is using hybrid cloud capabilities within their own data centers to support hundreds of financial institutions, strengthening resilience, digital sovereignty, and scalability at national scale.

This reflects how critical systems are being designed so that connectivity and control are no longer opposing goals.

Modernization with intent

The mainframe continues to evolve alongside new environments and operational demands, extending its role beyond the traditional back office and allowing broader workload consolidation.

In the transport sector, for example, infrastructure modernization has improved a logistics hub’s operational performance while reducing CO₂ emissions by hundreds of metric tons, demonstrating how established systems can support both efficiency and sustainability goals.

Taken together, these developments challenge the idea that modernization means replacement. In practice, it is about keeping critical systems relevant as business needs change.

That matters because modernization is not a one-off program. Instead, it is an ongoing discipline shaped by operational priorities and supported by technology evolution.

The organizations doing this best are not focused on exit strategies. They focus on evolution - preserving resilience at the core while enabling innovation around it. Because when the digital core is trusted and stable, everything built on top of it can move faster.

Use the best business cloud storage to manage your data.

This article was produced as part of TechRadar Pro Perspectives, our channel to feature the best and brightest minds in the technology industry today.

The views expressed here are those of the author and are not necessarily those of TechRadarPro or Future plc. If you are interested in contributing find out more here: https://www.techradar.com/pro/perspectives-how-to-submit

Loath as I am to say it, the future of gaming platforms isn’t looking so rosy right now. Windows is increasingly becoming more recalcitrant, constantly throwing hurdles in the faces of PC gamers in the form of performance-ruining updates and unsolicited AI implementations. And in the console world, Sony has irked everyone by ditching physical games from January 2028, while the recent bout of mass layoffs at Xbox belies its ‘back on track’ messaging.

Meanwhile, Valve appears to be going in the opposite direction. It already has a big advantage in the form of Steam, near enough the default storefront and launcher for PC gamers everywhere. Why, it’s generated an estimated $11.1bn in gross revenue in the first half of this year already. With pockets as deep as these, and without having to divert its earnings to shareholders (given it’s still, for now, a private company), that’s cash it can invest in expansion.

So is now the perfect time for Valve to break out, capitalize on its competitors’ floundering and shoot its shot at making SteamOS the next big platform?

SteamOS vs Windows

(Image credit: Shutterstock / Future)

There’s no question that SteamOS has been quite the success already. This is almost entirely thanks to the success of the Steam Deck, Valve’s hugely popular device that launched in 2022 and kickstarted a mini revolution in handheld gaming. It runs SteamOS 3, which is based on the Arch Linux distribution and far superior to its initial Debian iterations. These were used on the original Steam Machines of 2015, and are no doubt part of the reason for the discontinuation of the units in 2018.

The big advantage of SteamOS 3 is its support for Proton, the compatibility layer that allows Windows games to run on Linux devices. Although it predates the Steam Deck, Proton found its calling on the handheld, proving a lot of doubters wrong by running a large library of modern games well on a small, portable device. Even AAA titles such as 007 First Light and Cyberpunk 2077 are perfectly playable, along with plenty of others.

But Valve is no longer confining its operating system to the Steam Deck and Steam Machine. It’s recently expanded support to ARM, AMD and Intel devices, which means it can run on more devices such as the Lenovo Legion Go S and the Asus ROG Ally. Chris Hewish, a former Executive Producer at Activision and current President of gaming MoR Xsolla, explains the advantages of running SteamOS on such devices over Windows 11.

“With the SteamOS 3.8 release in June, Valve officially took the OS beyond the Steam Deck to the ROG Ally line, and Lenovo's Legion Go family, and early Intel support is starting to pull devices like the MSI Claw into the fold," he tells me. "On the same hardware, reviewers keep finding it ahead of Windows 11 where handheld players actually feel it: battery life, sleep and resume, and an interface built for a controller instead of a desktop squeezed onto a seven-inch screen.”

So, does the continued success of SteamOS rely on expanding to more hardware? Greg Weller, Head of Gaming Partnerships at Generation Media, and someone with over 20 years of industry experience — which includes stints at Rockstar Games and Bethesda Softworks — thinks so.

“The opportunity is significantly bigger if SteamOS continues to be device agnostic," he says. "The Steam Deck proved Valve could build a fantastic hardware experience, but the bigger strategic opportunity is allowing consumers to carry their Steam ecosystem across multiple devices rather than tying it to one piece of hardware.”

He continues: “We're seeing the same evolution across other entertainment sectors, like music, film and television, which have largely moved beyond device-specific experiences. People increasingly expect their content to follow them rather than the other way around. So, Valve hardware can absolutely remain the benchmark experience, but if SteamOS becomes the connective layer between a player's library, identity and multiple devices, that's a much bigger opportunity.”

However, not everyone in the industry shares this view. “SteamOS’ success largely depends on Valve's hardware for now and how far they actually push the OS itself,” says André Pimenta Ribeiro, CEO and co-founder of Anybrain, whose behavioral AI tools are used in popular online games such as Arc Raiders and The Finals.

He adds: “SteamOS’ success largely depends on Valve's hardware for now and how far they actually push the OS itself. I think Valve’s best case here is to grow to a broader, more casual audience through its own hardware and by offering its massive library to the mainstream player base, rather than exporting SteamOS to more devices in general. Once Valve hardware or SteamOS reach more mainstream adoption, then opening up the ecosystem makes sense. For now it feels mostly like a development play.”

Sticking points

(Image credit: Shutterstock / aslysun)

If SteamOS wants a larger slice of the gaming pie, though, there are certain obstacles it needs to overcome. Hewish points to one of the system’s major sticking points: its incompatibility with games requiring anti-cheat tools.

“Kernel-level anti-cheat either does not run on Linux or has not been enabled there," he says. "Until the biggest competitive games work reliably through Proton, SteamOS is not a no-compromise choice. It is an 'as long as you don't play those games' choice, and those games are some of the most played in the world.”

Another problem is what Hewish calls “hardware breadth,” explaining that: “Windows still has the deepest compatibility layer for the long tail: niche peripherals, capture cards, VR headsets, external GPUs. If the reports about official GeForce support come to pass, that closes a meaningful piece of the gap, since SteamOS has effectively been an AMD platform until now.”

Of course, the other advantage of Windows is that once you’re done gaming, you can switch to using it as an everyday computer. “SteamOS is deliberately narrow, a console-like shell, and that focus is a strength on a handheld,” says Hewish. “But if it wants to take on Windows more broadly, the path into desktop mode for a browser, schoolwork, or a spreadsheet has to get smoother.”

SteamOS vs consoles

(Image credit: Microsoft / Sony / Future)

But what about SteamOS as a console competitor? The revitalized Steam Machine launched in June this year was hotly anticipated, and looked like a serious contender to the PlayStation-Xbox-Nintendo triumvirate. Russell Kay, a former Grand Theft Auto developer and Head of popular 2D engine GameMaker, believes it was a success in bringing SteamOS to a wider audience.

“In the living room, SteamOS is now a proper alternative to a console,” he says. "The library is already there, and so is the audience. Millions of people have a huge digital collection sitting on Steam, and SteamOS finally gives them a way to put that under the TV instead of on a console. That's a real advantage no other platform has.”

However, he says: “The real problem is the price — Steam Machines cost more than a console. A gap that’s unlikely to close anytime soon thanks to the rising cost of RAM and hardware.”

And there are other issues for SteamOS in the console space. Hewish explains: “The Steam Machine needs reasons to exist beyond ‘runs your existing library’. Consoles win on curation and exclusives as much as hardware. That fight is about habit and content, not benchmarks. Close the anti-cheat gap and keep the hardware momentum, and ‘the default handheld OS’ is realistic within a couple of years. [But] the living room is a longer climb no matter what the software does.”

Ribeiro, meanwhile, thinks: "[Valve] can make a splash against this weaker console market, but right now it's still a niche system for a specific subset of people — growing beyond that depends on where they take it. Valve is known for doing its own thing, and that’s not always conducive to serving the broader global ecosystem of casual players. I think it makes sense from the perspective that they want to grow beyond a distribution platform, but the extent of impact and its longevity is still to be seen.”

He concludes: “I already see Steam devices akin to consoles, such as the Steam Deck and Steam Machine. I wouldn’t replace my Windows PC or mobile device with it, but vs the existing console ecosystem, that’s more a toss-up.”

The future of SteamOS

(Image credit: Valve)

It seems fairly clear-cut, then, that SteamOS is clearly leading the way when it comes to handheld gaming. But a push beyond that realm to usurp Windows or seriously challenge consoles is less certain.

Ultimately, Hewish sees it this way: “Windows still wins in two places: games with kernel-level anti-cheat, and anything you want to do that is not gaming. And in the living room it is early days. The new Steam Machine only started shipping at the end of June. So I would put it this way: [SteamOS is] a genuine competitor on handhelds today, and a credible but very young challenger in the living room.”

Of course, the high price of the Steam Machine certainly dampened its appeal. The consensus seems to be that while it was a capable device, it was too expensive to present a viable challenge to the living room market. Of course, the seemingly interminable RAM crisis threw a spanner in the works, even crashing the Steam Deck’s party thanks to a price hike that put a serious dent in its sales. But the fact remains the PS5, Switch 2, and Xbox Series X|S all undercut the Steam Machine considerably.

But perhaps there’s hope yet for the Gabecube and other SteamOS implementations besides handhelds. After all, Hewish makes the point that having one platform dominate isn’t especially useful for game developers.

He says: “If you make games for a living, you do not actually want any single platform to win outright, even one you like. Concentration is where leverage goes to die. When one storefront or operating system controls the path to players, it eventually controls the terms, the fees, and the relationship. The healthiest ending to this story is not SteamOS replacing Windows. It is real competition at the platform layer, because that is what forces every gatekeeper to treat developers and players better. SteamOS taking a real share does exactly that.”

He further adds: “My bet is SteamOS becomes the preferred choice for people buying a device specifically to game, and Windows holds wherever one device has to do it all.”

(Image credit: Valve)

Weller sees another benefit to the gradual permeation of SteamOS.

He says: “SteamOS has already established itself as a credible competitor, but not in the way people traditionally define competition. Rather than trying to replace Windows or persuade console players to switch overnight, SteamOS is reducing friction between players and the game libraries they've already invested in, allowing people to take their Steam ecosystem into more places and devices.”

“This reflects a much bigger shift happening across entertainment. Historically, consumers bought hardware first and then built a content library around it. Now, they're increasingly buying into ecosystems. Players care less about the operating system they're using and more about whether their games, saves, achievements, friends and purchases move seamlessly between devices.”

Gaming ecosystems have become important for another reason. “Our research found 72% of players discover games through social media, 67% through YouTube and 53% through platform stores such as Steam, PlayStation Store and Xbox Store," Weller explains. "Platform ecosystems have become both the storefront and the discovery engine. So SteamOS isn't simply an operating system but another touchpoint within a much broader ecosystem.”

“Valve's long-term competitive advantage has never been selling games, but focusing on the surrounding ecosystem: community features, recommendations, cloud saves, and overall experience of staying connected to your library. Those are the areas where Valve can continue to differentiate, rather than relying on exclusivity.”

The point about community features is an important one. The community around Steam has played a major role in the platform cultivating its loyal fanbase and the general good will of gamers. Its openness to mods and add-ons via its Workshop is a large part of this. And, as Kay points out, although games purchased on its storefront do contain DRM, “[it has] been one of the better stories when it comes to DRM". So if SteamOS wants to expand its horizons beyond handhelds, it needs to retain the element that sets it apart from other, closed-off gaming platforms.

Do you think SteamOS is going to be the next big platform in gaming? Vote in the poll below, and if you want to say more, why not leave a comment as well?

Racing to scale AI requires massive capital investment in data centers, with McKinsey recently estimating that global data center spending could reach $7 trillion by 2030. Perhaps more importantly, though, scaling AI requires massive architectural investment from a technology standpoint.

Modern data center infrastructure was not designed to power the cloud computing revolution and the massive surge in AI usage and development on a global scale simultaneously.

This architectural strain is driven by rising expectations – the more AI is adopted, the more demand of it there is. Enterprises are excited by AI’s promise as a time-saver that can automate and streamline employee workflows and increase productivity. To facilitate the growing complexity of AI models and datasets, GPU density and bandwidth have increased in data centers.

These increases mean AI models that can be trained faster, have lower latency interference and more. As these chips and data centers continue to increase the amount of data transferred between chips, though, cooling efforts are also needed to make sure the chips and data centers do not overheat.

As a result, while today’s data centers continue to power the AI boom, their operational runway is quickly shortening. Powering AI and the growing demand for AI capabilities is incredibly resource intensive. The technology relies heavily on electrons for computational capabilities and for moving data between chips in larger AI models. This requires vast amounts of electricity, water, rare materials, and overall technological innovation.

As operational bottlenecks persist, silicon photonics has proven an underappreciated solution to help further advance AI. Using light combination with electrons, silicon photonics enables faster, more energy-efficient data transmission. These abilities can both advance AI and scale GPU clusters and AI data centers.

The SiPh adoption delay

Photonics have been around for decades, spanning more than 40 years of research and innovation. In the 1980s, researchers realized the technology's potential due to its ability to allow the integration of photonics and electronics on a single chip.

Where before, photonic and electronic components lived on two separate chips that had to be combined, silicon photonics made it possible for both components to be functional on one single chip, resulting in increased speed, bandwidth, energy efficiency and more.

Today, silicon photonics are integral to the commercial production of communications transceivers in data centers. Fiber-optic communication predates the current AI wave by an entire generation, as does the basic principle of transmitting data as light rather than an electrical current.

The challenge of leveraging this technology in a broader setting, however, has always been its manufacturability and the need for optical components to be small and cheap enough to compete with legacy conventional solutions.

Complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) compatibility makes this possible.

CMOS

Silicon Photonics-based circuits converts electrical signals into optical ones, transmits them as infrared light pulses through microscopic waveguides etched into silicon, and converts them back to electrical signals at the destination.

CMOS platform unlocks efficient and high-scale integration of passive and active devices onto Photonics Integrated Circuits (PICs), used to make optical transceivers. The physics of light propagation delivers far lower loss than copper interconnects do at the data rates modern AI workloads demand.

With CMOS, silicon photonics can be fabricated using the same processes semiconductor fabs use for conventional chips. This process allows optical and electronic components to coexist on a single silicon die, with limited use of rare materials or separate production lines, enabling scalable production.

Discussions of silicon photonics tend to focus on the transceiver or circuit design. While these conversations are essential, the substrate is equally important, delivering bandwidth and energy efficiency. Leveraging substrates to help meet growing data demands has been shown to decrease energy consumption by 30-50% on average.

Engineered substrates are silicon-on-insulator (SOI) platforms designed for photonic or high-frequency applications that support a range of markets, including mobile communications, edge AI, cloud AI, Internet of Things and data centers. With the latter, there are a variety of engineered substrates that improve different performance metrics, including Photonics-SOI, PD-SOI and RF-SOI.

Substrate selection is foundational to silicon photonics performance, not incidental to it. The choices made early in the design process determine whether a photonic chip delivers its theoretical efficiency and performance or falls short in deployment.

Scaling data centers requires scaling silicon photonics—now

The semiconductor industry must accelerate silicon photonics production to keep pace with the growth of demand for tomorrow’s data centers.

The technology works. The physics is proven. The manufacturing pathway exists. What's missing is widespread industry alignment and investment to produce silicon photonics at the pace AI infrastructure will require.

Coordinated investment in silicon photonics must happen across chipmakers, substrate suppliers, packaging specialists, and hyperscalers whose data centers will ultimately run on this technology. That coordination is currently happening in pockets, and it needs to be prioritized — the AI buildout is not slowing down.

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I've been bereft without a new Taylor Sheridan show to watch over the last month, but Lioness season 3 is finally on hand to save the day.

Frankly, all hell could be about to break loose if the trailer is anything to go by. As the official synopsis explains, "Joe walks the line between duty and home as unseen forces circle her world. Patterns appear where they shouldn’t, names vanish, and paths rearrange.

"Guided by Kaitlyn and Westfield, Joe confronts enemies operating in the shadows, leaving her to reckon with a war that now reaches into every part of her life."

That could literally mean anything seeing as Joe doesn't know the meaning of an easy day at work. Regardless, when does Lioness season 3 episode 1 land on Paramount+?

What time can I watch Lioness season 3 episode 1 on Paramount+?

Lioness season 3 episode 1 will drop on one of the world's best streaming services on Sunday, August 2.

Like The Madison and Dutton Ranch, we can expect the episode to arrive at 12am PT. Here's when it will be released in other nations globally:

• US – 12am PT / 3am ET
• Canada – 12am PT / 3am ET
• UK – 8am BST
• India – 1:30pm IST
• Singapore – 4pm SGT
• Australia – 7pm AEDT
• New Zealand – 9pm NZDT

When do new episodes of Lioness season 3 come out?

(Image credit: Paramount+)

Lioness season 3 will have a total of eight episodes, airing weekly from the premiere onwards. That gives us the following schedule:

• Episode 1: August 2
• Episode 2: August 9
• Episode 3: August 16
• Episode 4: August 23
• Episode 5: August 30
• Episode 6: September 6
• Episode 7: September 13
• Episode 8: September 20

AV Insider

On the Record is a new series of interviews and explainers with influential voices in the music industry. From artists to execs, to those behind audio technology we love, we aim to bring you a fresh, focused perspective on sound. Music to your ears? Make sure you follow TechRadar on Google News and add us as a preferred source.

Things music-lovers enjoy about Qobuz: it was the original hi-res music streaming service and it also offers 24-bit hi-res downloads on demand (ie., no need to subscribe to buy) alongside a regular streaming model. Then, there's the digital Qobuz Magazine, human-first playlists over algorithms, a more ethical payment at significantly higher average per-stream royalties than mainstream competitors, the fact that it refuses to run a free ad-supported tier that devalues music, it continues to transparently publish its financial payout data, it recently added in-track lyrics… I could go on.

But I'm not here to talk to Managing Director Dan Mackta about any of those aspects of Qobuz today, admirable though they are. No, I want to talk to him about generative AI, and Qobuz's strong stance on it, as set out in its February-release AI charter.

If you haven't read the document, the following quote may be enough for now. It reads as follows.

'Our conviction: AI can be a value amplifier, never a substitute for human judgment. The heart of Qobuz is and will remain human; editorial curation, music expertise, content creation'

Qobuz, AI Charter

Dan Mackta has made time to speak to me from a hotel room in Connecticut, at 9:30am local time, before setting off on the 100-or-so miles to Rhode Island and the Newport Folk Festival.

Anyone who speaks to Mackta will find a music lover from the Big Apple first and foremost — a businessman not afraid to talk openly and honestly about an industry he knows and loves deeply.

Right now, Mackta is hoping the rumors are true and that Lauryn Hill will indeed make a rare appearance to play a set (she did), adding with no small amount of excitement, "I've wanted to go my whole life, and this is the year it's finally happening".

(Image credit: Qobuz)Ready or Not

Yes, all of these sub-heads are now going to be Lauryn Hill tracks, because I'm jealous of Mackta's upcoming weekend of live music. I ask Mackta how long Qobuz has been concerned with AI-generated audio infiltrating the platform's otherwise notably human-centric offering. It's clear he's not a fan.

"It was a couple of years ago that we noticed the volume of AI content, fake music, whatever you want to call it. It was a problem from the beginning because of the volume of stuff that was being delivered.

"There was already a fraud problem in music streaming — basically content uploaded just for the purposes of fraudulent streaming, money laundering, organized crime and all of that crazy stuff — but generative AI allowed scammers to create this stuff at crazy scale. They do it to hide their tracks; create so much stuff that nobody can even really tell what the heck is going on. So we knew it was a problem.

"We also knew that this content did not fit into our vision for what our music service should be focusing on. So early on, the guys in France — because all of our tech is in France — looked at a few detection solutions that were on the market at the time, about two years ago, and decided to create their own detection methodology.

"So, we started analyzing. The thing is that the analysis takes a long time, so it's being rolled out in stages. All new releases are now analyzed."

Mackta is also refreshingly open about where the company's at with the rollout. "The actual tagging piece of it, which is where we notify the user if something has been detected as AI, hasn't rolled out yet, although it's planned for September. We shall sell no wine before its time!"

'There was already a fraud problem in music streaming — basically content uploaded just for the purposes of fraudulent streaming — but generative AI allowed scammers to create this stuff at crazy scale'

Dan Mackta

(Image credit: Qobuz)DDEX (That Thing)

I ask Mackta about the relevance (or effectiveness) of voluntary AI self-identification as a solution to the problem of 100% AI tracks — the 'Hey, here's an AI content badge; we've created it and given it to labels and distributors, so they'll use it' approach, because it's one we've seen in the form of 'Transparency Tags' on rival sites. Mackta is quick to clarify that actually, it is a new development and does have some value.

"I mean, the DDEX, (Digital Data Exchange, which is the metadata standards-setting organization upon which the music industry is run) recently added some fields to its structure. But it's basically voluntary for the person setting up the music for release.

"They fill in these fields in the DDEX. So it's 'you' and 'title' and the ISRC (International Standard Recording Code — a 12-character unique digital fingerprint that identifies a specific sound recording or music video) and UPC (Universal Product Code, which is similar but for the whole product) and other areas for credits. It's a whole elaborate standard.

"So, they added fields for AI where you're supposed to say if something is 100% generated by AI or if the lyrics were AI-generated.

"Now, some of the DSPs (Digital Service Providers, ie., rival sites) said, ‘All right, we’re starting to get this information from our suppliers, so we're going to surface it in a way that the users can see’ — and we'll have that too; we get the same information. But obviously, big problem: why would a scammer admit? If it's voluntary, it's a partial solution."

'Big problem: why would a scammer admit? If it's voluntary, it's a partial solution'

Dan Mackta

The Miseducation

Mackta is keen to impress upon me that while detection is a big part of the issue, it's not just about AI detection when it comes to Qobuz — or for the wider music industry. The company has thought deeply about what it's going to do with this content. "That's why the AI charter was a very comprehensive doc; it wasn't just about AI content", Mackta confirms.

What is the bigger picture? "It was about our philosophy as a company about AI and as a tool in our business — our everything. When we're going to use it and when we're not, and transparency around that. So that was about more than just the AI content."

Mackta sighs. He's ready to pin his colors to the mast. "You'll notice I do not call it 'AI music' because I don't think it's music. I think it's a simulacrum of music to get, you know, critical theory. But it's… it ain't music."

'You'll notice I do not call it 'AI music' because I don't think it's music. I think it's a simulacrum of music but it's… it ain't music'

Dan Mackta

Everything is Everything

I want to know more about the different types of machine learning in music we accept, versus generative AI audio for fraudulent use.

Mackta is incredibly open about the versions of machine learning Qobuz does use. "Listen: there are a lot of tools in music creation workflow that have been around for a long time that are essentially versions of AI. But it's very different when you're using creative tools as a musician versus a scammer saying, 'Give me 10,000 things that sound like music that I can upload, for fraud.'

"Our number one most requested feature was autoplay. Right? When your cue ends, the Qobuz user wants the music to keep playing. So, that's machine learning! That's AI that looks at what you were listening to, and runs an algorithm to figure out what it should play next.

"So, we have that. Users wanted that. We have a few playlists now that are algorithmically generated based on your listening and your favorites. But that's like two clearly marked playlists, and if you don't want that, you never have to look at it.

"The thing is that some people — especially as Qobuz has been getting thankfully bigger and starting to poke into the mainstream — those people are used to those kinds of features and they don't realize it’s AI. We'll always make it clear what's been selected by humans versus what hasn't."

(Image credit: Qobuz)Lost Ones

I posit the idea that some have suggested — that AI is here, it's not going away, and there's an argument for not even trying to stem the slop. Mackta laughs, but he gets it. "I mean, let's be real. We're doomed! But let’s also try to hold it at bay, however we can.

"To me, the whole thing is just a really, really big bummer. You know, it just is so different from ‘why am I in the music business’? Why, really though, do I do this? Having to deal with this issue on top of all the other issues that were already there in music just makes me really sad, and so much time and energy and resources wasted.

"It’s largely an unintended consequence of the streaming business model, with the way revenues are shared; it's always been a target for fraudsters. It's like if every man, woman, child, and dog released three albums last year on the planet, it still wouldn't be as much music as the fake music that’s being shoved down our pipes."

'If every man, woman, child, and dog released three albums last year on the planet, it still wouldn't be as much music as the fake music that’s being shoved down our pipes'

Dan Mackta

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Ex-Factor

I muse that perhaps as long as it's human beings making content for the emotional appreciation of other human beings (which is what Deezer's head of research recently offered, when I interviewed him), perhaps we'll be OK? Mackta is quick to jump in. "Well, and that's what music is! It's the whole thing that makes it all go!

"It's unique. It's a form of communication that taps directly into emotions of humans. So we can take humans out on either side of that equation — it ain't music anymore. What makes music music? You know, if you ask those questions, I think it all becomes pretty clear that this AI stuff may sound like music, but…"

Quite right. So what's the future for Qobuz? And can he speak to the music industry at large? Mackta is less certain, but he definitely isn't keen on one possible development.

"It's not really clear what's going to happen with this generative AI stuff. I thought the music industry would do its usual thing and try to stamp it out. But instead, now these companies are basically licensed by the major labels; if everybody's getting rich off of it, they're not going to try to stamp it out.

"But I do think, in terms of the fraud piece (of the puzzle) and the massive amounts of content that's just being generated purely for the purposes of fraud, the industry is going to come to some kind of resolution about it, because it's just not kosher.

"I don't know exactly what it's going to look like, but Qobuz is part of a trade group, the Music Fights Fraud Alliance (along with other DSPs and distributors and aggregators), and we're all trying to come together — the way the banking industry has come together to share certain information to be able to stop fraud. It's kind of like herding cats."

All Falls Down

And there's another 'what if?' Mackta wants to share. "At Qobuz, we sometimes talk about, like, what if AI fake music becomes something that most people want to listen to, you know? What if that's what's considered music in 10 years? Are we still going to have our philosophy? I would say I hope so. I hope that we stick to our guns and the stuff that makes music special is not going to change.

"And I do think that 90-whatever-percent of people probably could be played AI content and be told it's music, and they wouldn't know. They wouldn't care! And that's a shame. But that's reality.

"However, for people who are just even a little bit into music, I don't think we're going in that direction. I think, if anything, there'll be a backlash coming soon that really values human curation, human creation, and actual artistry and emotion and communication. You know, you just can't fake it."

I tell Mackta that I agree, and that as an occasional performer myself I really hope he keeps up the good fight. He laughs. "Yeah, I mean, if anything, it's gonna force us to dig in even more on these principles. And from a business standpoint, I think that's just fine. I think that success for us is going to be in how we differentiate and stay focused on what we think is important. And so far, so good!"

Agreed. As a loyal Qobuz fan myself, I'd go so far as to say it's a case of so far, so very good.

Last year, I brought on a new specialist in search engine optimization (SEO) to drive backlinks and business, only to find the contractor used black-hat practices to generate toxic, irrelevant results. Worse, the content was AI-written and keyword-stuffed.

I fired him three months later but made the big mistake of not immediately revoking access. Out of revenge, he deindexed 200 product pages and blog posts, causing a 90% drop in traffic and devastating sales.

Unfortunately, I quickly realized that marketing is both a growth engine and an attack surface. This is a cautionary tale about handing over the keys to your business backend and what it takes to rebuild from the brink.

From onboarding to sabotage

In hindsight, there were several red flags. This marketing “professional” talked a big game but relied on outdated techniques that didn’t translate well in the online world. We’re in hemp wellness e-commerce so digital marketing is essential. However, keyword stuffing, AI slop content, and low-quality backlinking can quickly ruin search engine rankings.

It was quickly evident this wasn’t a marketing fit. The contractor scored external media mentions for products we didn’t sell (lying that it would bring more traffic) and focused heavily on blog volume (promising that posting several times a day would break through, when in reality it was off-brand and off-voice). Other times, he bought backlinks in bulk to fake traction, showing us legitimate-looking domains that ultimately did nothing.

I’d seen enough. He was fired in October but, foolishly, retained access. This was my mistake and I paid for it – the contractor retaliated and manually deindexed nearly all of our pages, one by one, thereby telling Google that they no longer exist and not to return them. The fallout was immediate with a 90% traffic drop, 50% sales drop, and the erasure of multiple years of branding and marketing progress.

A site-wide audit and rehabilitation

Untangling the mess was a job in and of itself. Beyond reindexing the website, we didn’t know what else had changed, so we needed to audit everything. Here we found something strange in the backend: a security plugin quietly emailing daily activity to an unknown contact. We still don’t know the what or the why of this tool, but it only further cemented that we’d lost control.

First, we needed to lock the doors, revoke stale logins, and restrict access to those who needed it. Then the fake wins and bad results had to go. After all, backlinks mean nothing if they ignore site health and audience relevance. We disavowed each toxic reference and began repairing the damage to the company’s voice and positioning one link at a time.

We scrubbed poorly written copy, errant mentions of non-existent products, and even image alt text stuffed with keywords. We also removed the incoherent, AI-written blog archive in its entirety. From top to bottom, we needed to rebuild our experience, expertise, authoritativeness, and trustworthiness (EEAT) in both the eyes of search engines and customers.

It took the better part of four months to realign our external and internal communications, and complete the manual, page-by-page reindex. Today, our traffic is back up, though it hasn’t fully returned to its peak. Frustratingly, SEO sabotage is fast but the recovery is slow.

Protect your marketing, protect your business

As a result of this nightmare, I’ve learned several marketing lessons the hard way.

Never overlook access. Onboard with least privilege from day one, offboard as soon as someone’s off the project. Be selective about admin roles and don’t blindly trust newcomers (no matter how well they sell themselves). Likewise, go the extra mile with security whenever someone departs on bad terms.

Review anything they could touch for injected scripts, rogue plugins, or unfamiliar integrations. Malicious code can sit dormant or masquerade as legitimate for months, so the cost of a review is worth it in the long run.

Second, particularly for companies in a trust-sensitive or regulated sector, shortcuts cost twice as much. Backlinks count for naught if they’re irrelevant or inaccurate, and they actually work against you if your company falls into Your Money or Your Life (YMYL). Google more heavily scrutinizes this segment and SEO snake oil salesmen threaten to undermine your positioning faster than they can build it.

Third, embed checks and balances from the get-go. Even before the sabotage, we lost marketing momentum because no one was closely overseeing the contractor. Insource enough knowledge to audit your vendors and demand method transparency from the jump. Anyone selling overnight spikes warrants stricter inspection and guardrails.

This was a wake-up call. Until now, I didn’t truly appreciate how SEO in the wrong hands can be a single point of failure that takes revenue with it. For B2B and B2C companies, search presence is business-critical. I encourage leaders and admins to protect it like the infrastructure it is. No one person with ill intent should be able to dictate your digital success or failure.

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Boardrooms across every sector are running the same play right now: deploy AI faster, automate more, cut operational costs, and call it transformation. The metrics look compelling on paper. Response times drop. Headcount ratios improve. Executives check the "AI strategy" box and move on to the next priority.

But underneath those dashboards, something quieter is happening. Customers are disengaging. Employees are skeptical. Digital adoption is stalling in places where it shouldn't be.

The reason isn't the technology. It's the assumption behind it , that faster, smarter systems automatically create stronger relationships. They don't. And the organizations that recognize this distinction first are the ones pulling ahead.

The gap nobody is measuring

When businesses evaluate AI performance, the dominant lens is operational. Efficiency gains, cost reductions, throughput improvements. These are real and worth measuring. But they capture what the system does , not how people feel about depending on it.

Customers don't evaluate digital systems the way executive dashboards do. They evaluate them through a different set of questions: Can I understand what this system is telling me? Can I challenge it if it seems wrong? Is there a human accountable for this outcome if something goes wrong?

When those questions go unanswered , when AI recommendations feel opaque, impersonal, or impossible to question , trust quietly erodes. An instant automated response feels fast. But if the logic behind it is invisible, the interaction still feels like it came from a machine that doesn't care.

That gap between technical performance and perceived trustworthiness is where many AI investments quietly fail.

Trust is designed, not delivered by default

The organizations genuinely succeeding with AI tools at scale aren't necessarily deploying the most advanced models. They're the ones treating AI as a trust design challenge, not a technology deployment challenge.

This distinction has concrete implications. Trust architecture , the deliberate design of explainable, human-centered systems , requires answering questions that most AI roadmaps don't ask. Can users see how automated decisions are being made? Are there visible layers of human accountability when the system gets it wrong? Does the system behave consistently enough to be predictable?

Building explainability into AI systems from the start isn't just an ethical position. It's a retention strategy. When customers understand why a recommendation was made , even at a high level , they engage differently. When employees can see and override AI-generated outputs, skepticism converts into productive collaboration. Accountability structures, made visible, become competitive differentiators.

Accessibility reveals who you're actually building for

There's a second dimension of AI trust that organizations consistently underestimate: accessibility.

Most companies still treat accessibility as a compliance checkpoint , something reviewed near the end of product development, checked against a regulatory standard, and filed away. In practice, this approach produces digital environments that technically pass audits but fail real users at critical moments.

AI-powered systems are now embedded in every touchpoint of the customer and employee experience: portals, mobile apps, onboarding flows, support interfaces, communication platforms.

When these systems lack adaptive navigation, voice compatibility, screen-reader support, or simplified cognitive pathways, businesses aren't excluding a niche user segment. They're reducing the overall reliability and usability of the entire environment, for everyone.

Accessibility built into architecture from the beginning, rather than layered on afterward, consistently outperforms the bolt-on approach on the metrics that matter: customer satisfaction, retention, and support cost reduction. Inclusive design improves the experience for the majority while specifically serving those who need it most.

The sustainability blind spot

There's a third dimension that rarely surfaces in AI strategy conversations until it becomes an operational problem: sustainability.

Intelligent systems require expanding infrastructure. More storage, heavier compute cycles, continuous data processing, and increasingly complex integration layers. Most enterprise AI growth is happening without equivalent attention to energy efficiency, architectural waste, or long-term infrastructure viability.

This creates a contradiction that's easy to miss in the short term: businesses investing in intelligent futures while building increasingly inefficient digital backbones beneath them. Sustainable architecture , optimized design, reduced redundancy, responsible infrastructure decisions , isn't just an ESG consideration. It's a question of whether AI transformation remains economically viable over time.

What the next generation of AI leaders will need

The leaders who delivered value in the first wave of enterprise AI were rewarded for speed and automation. The leaders succeeding now are being asked to deliver something harder: intelligent ecosystems that people are willing to depend on over the long term.

That dependence can't be manufactured through innovation messaging alone. It has to be earned through design decisions users can actually feel , systems they can trust, interfaces they can use, and governance structures they can see.

Organizations still treating AI as a pure technology deployment challenge are building faster systems. The ones treating it as a trust design challenge are building something more durable: digital relationships that hold under pressure.

That is, ultimately, what businesses compete on.

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UK organizations are ramping up investment in artificial intelligence (AI).

From automating repetitive tasks and powering chatbots to delivering personalized customer experiences, AI is becoming integral to daily business operations.

However, many leaders are still struggling to see a clear return on their investment and are looking towards AI’s next evolution – agentic AI – with trepidation.

This next iteration will see systems operating with a high degree of autonomy – making independent decisions and taking actions with minimal or no human intervention.

However, if enterprises focus exclusively on what’s next, they risk overlooking the essential stepping stone that will make it possible – contextual AI – which underpins whether those autonomous systems can actually work in practice.

Context-aware AI provides the foundation on which agentic AI will be built. While large language models (LLMs) and generative AI have driven the current wave of innovation and automation, contextual AI is emerging as the key differentiator between success and failure of AI implementation.

Correlation vs contextualization

Currently, many AI systems operate primarily on correlation. They identify patterns and statistical relationships with data but often lack a deeper understanding of what those patterns actually mean. Contextual AI takes this a step further by interpreting data within a real-world context, considering factors like user intent, environment and specific timing.

By embedding diverse data within context, AI can move beyond identifying correlations and begin to understand meaning. This leads to insights and outputs which are more accurate, more relevant and better aligned with the actual situation at hand to inform an actionable approach.

For example, an airline using a correlation-based AI model might detect rising system load during peak travel periods and recommend increasing server capacity. While this may help address immediate demand, it doesn’t take into account the broader ecosystem in which airline operating systems function, with factors like regulatory requirements, flight-planning cut-off times, cybersecurity needs and the significant financial impact of even brief downtime.

Contextual AI can interpret these operational realities and make recommendations that reflect real-world constraints and goals. Rather than simply suggesting additional capacity, it can make recommendations like rerouting traffic around known bottlenecks, scheduling updates during ultra-low-risk windows or prioritizing critical functions like dispatch and crew allocation when resources are strained.

The move to contextual AI enables organizations to move from reactive analytics to proactive, high-quality decision making, helping ensure mission-critical operating systems remain stable and available, even when under pressure.

The importance of high-quality data

Contextual AI relies on four key pillars: rich data, intelligent reasoning, real-world awareness and actionable integration. Underpinning each one of these pillars is high-quality data. Without reliable, comprehensive data, contextual AI cannot deliver meaningful outcomes and many enterprises’ attempts to implement more advanced AI systems will likely fall short.

This is why a strong, singular data lakehouse is crucial. Acting as a single source of truth for all AI operations, a lakehouse ensures that data remains accurate, consistent and accessible across the organization.

Unlike traditional data architectures, a lakehouse combines the best of bold worlds. Businesses can benefit from the performance and reliability of data warehouses, which provide fast, scalable analytics, and the flexibility of data lakes, which can store vast amounts of structured and unstructured data. This hybrid model enables organizations to manage data more efficiently, conduct advanced analytics and scale machine learning operations in a cost-effective way.

The availability of high-quality data remains one of the biggest barriers to the adoption of agentic AI. By establishing a robust data foundation, enterprises can unlock the benefits of contextual AI, while also developing the necessary high-quality data for deploying agentic AI. This ensures AI can act reliably, intelligently and in alignment with real-world business goals.

Creating the right foundation

As organizations race to demonstrate AI’s ROI, many are rushing toward agentic AI without first laying the right foundations. Without contextual AI and the high-quality data it is built on, agentic AI efforts are unlikely to ever reach their full potential.

Organizations should therefore focus efforts on understanding the value of contextual AI over correlation-based models and ensuring they have the infrastructure required to support it. At the same time, businesses must also ensure all data flows through a single, trusted data lakehouse. Acting as the definitive source of truth, this foundation enables accurate, secure and actionable AI insights while preparing organizations for more advanced autonomous systems.

Ultimately, success with AI will not come from chasing the latest hype cycle, but from building systems that truly understand the context in which they operate. Contextual AI bridges the gap between raw data and meaningful action, providing a critical foundation for the intelligent, autonomous systems businesses aspire to deploy.

By investing in contextual AI today, organizations can improve outcomes in the short term, while laying the groundwork for a future shaped by autonomous systems and rapidly evolving real-world demands.

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For years, residential solar power in the UK has focused primarily on larger installations, comprising photovoltaic (PV) panels on the roof and an inverter for converting DC (direct current) power into AC (alternating current) for use in the home. Indeed, according to government data, the UK now has approximately 1.7 million residential rooftop installations with 2025 the strongest year on record with around 269,000 installations completed.

It’s remarkable progress. Yet for many in the UK, this type of installation remains out of reach for several reasons, including cost, or lack of roof access if they live in a block of flats. If they’re renting, their landlord/landlady might not allow them to install solar panels permanently on the roof.

That’s all set to change with new government legislation. Under Statutory Instrument 2026/848, which formally comes into force on August 27, 2026, legal and regulatory hurdles that previously blocked self-installed, ‘plug-in’ solar systems are set to be cleared.

By officially creating a legal category for what are officially called 'plug-in microgenerators', this landmark legislation allows standard UK BS 1363 three-pin plugs to be approved for feeding electricity into a home socket. As a result, for the first time, millions of people living in flats with balconies will have a viable, low-cost option to generate their own clean electricity.

Plug-in solar panels are already mainstream in much of continental Europe (Image credit: Getty Images / Westend61)Looking to Europe: the rise of Balkonkraftwerk

Of course, while plug-in solar is new to the UK, it is already well-established across the rest of Europe. In Germany, for example, where these installations are known as Balkonkraftwerk (or balcony power plants), there are officially 1.2 million registered balcony installations — though the actual figure is probably nearer 1.5 million when you take into account unofficial installations.

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Balcony installations are proving particularly popular with renters – those who were historically excluded from rooftop solar power until reform to German tenancy law in 2024 gave them the explicit right to install balcony panels without needing landlord approval. As a result, reports German news site Denkstrom, waiting lists emerged in big cities such as Munich and Berlin for equipment in the months following the reform.

Nor is Germany the only European country to have embraced balcony installations. In Spain, where two thirds of people live in apartments, balcony solar power is also taking off, saving up to 30% on a household’s typical electricity bill. “The beauty of the solar balconies is they are flexible, cheap and plug straight into the domestic network via a converter, so you don’t have to pay for the installation,” Santiago Vernetta, CEO of Tornasol Energy, one of Spain’s main suppliers, told The Guardian.

Gaining UK industry support

Whether balcony solar power technology proves as popular in the UK as other European countries remains to be seen. However, with millions of flats across the UK, including an estimated 380,000 homes in England with a balcony, plug-in solar power certainly has the potential to expand renewable generation beyond rooftop installations.

Driving the rollout of plug-in solar within the UK government is Martin McCluskey, Minister for Energy Consumers within the Department for Energy Security and Net Zero (DESNZ). In June he met up with high street retailers and supermarkets including B&Q, Currys, Amazon, Lidl, Asda, Screwfix and Wickes to prepare market-compliant kits for the official August launch. "We’re delighted to be working with DESNZ to bring plug-in solar panels to the UK market. With energy bills continuing to rise, enabling the safe roll-out of these products will mark an important step for consumers across the UK,” said Michelle Gorringe-Smith, Director of New Categories at Currys in a recent press statement.

Every solar panel, heat pump and battery cuts bills

Greg Jackson, Octopus Energy

“This is a fantastic opportunity to make renewable energy more accessible to people around the UK," Added John Boumphrey, Amazon’s UK and Ireland Country Manager. "Amazon is the largest corporate buyer of carbon-free energy in the UK.. Enabling households to generate their own power with self-install plug-in solar panels is a practical step that supports household budgets and delivering against net zero goals.”

Major energy providers have also welcomed the regulatory change. Chris Norbury, Chief Executive of E.ON UK, describes the removal of regulatory red tape as an “encouraging step toward giving consumers more control over their energy use”.

Similarly, Greg Jackson, Founder and CEO of Octopus Energy said in a UK government statement: “Every solar panel, heat pump and battery cuts bills and boosts Britain’s energy independence.” Furthermore, these industry perspectives align with the wider objectives set out in the UK Government's Solar Roadmap, which details plans to expand solar capacity across domestic, commercial and ground-mount sectors to meet national clean power targets.

Payback time

Under the Department for Energy Security and Net Zero's (DESNZ) interim product specification, compliant solar power consumer kits must meet very strict criteria. This includes a microinverter (which converts direct current electricity into alternating current electricity) which can’t feed more than 800 VA (Volt-Amperes), roughly 800W, into the home at any one time.

Three to five years is a realistic payback period for many sensibly priced, well-positioned systems

Ben Bowyer, PluginSolarCalculator.com

Systems must connect via a standard BS 1363 three-pin UK socket using a manufacturer-supplied, non-rewireable moulded plug with a fuse rated at no more than 5A. Typically, most kits will comprise two 400W panels, each measuring around 1.7m x 1m in size and weighing around 20Kg. However, the regulations allow up to four panels with a combined rating of 2,000W. The inverter still limits the output to around 800W, but the extra panels can help the system generate more power during weaker sunlight.

While working out exactly how long it will take to get a return on a solar panel investment is far from an exact science, most of the commentators I spoke to for this article thought it would take under five years for a system costing between £300 and £600.

“Our modelling suggests that three to five years is a realistic payback period for many sensibly priced, well-positioned systems,” Ben Bowyer, creator of PluginSolarCalculator.com told TechRadar. “The government’s own estimate is around £70 to £110 a year in savings, but I think that’s actually quite cautious. Our figures suggest many suitable 800W installations could save closer to £95 to £155 a year,” he added.

Andreas Pierrie, founder of bespoke solar installation price comparison site Go Solar Today, was even more optimistic about ROI when asked. “For someone with a south facing balcony, you're looking at a payback of roughly two to three years, which is genuinely good for a solar product,” he asserted.

The experts we asked suggested that your plug-in solar panel could pay for itself in two to three years (Image credit: Getty Images / imageBROKER / Robert Poorten)Lack of battery storage

However, it’s not all good news. While the new legislation will help consumers save some money by turning their systems into ‘plug-in microgenerators’, one key limitation is that batteries are excluded from the initial plug-in framework. Instead, the product specification covers generation-only systems and does not permit integrated battery storage.

The government likely adopted this cautious approach to prioritize safety, as lithium batteries store chemical energy and require strict compliance to prevent hazards such as thermal runaway. Including battery storage would also inevitably have slowed down the roll out of the initial phase of the technology. Go Solar Today’s Andreas Pierrie explains the reasoning behind the phased rollout by noting that the UK is simply following the German approach.

“The UK is copying the German playbook by starting narrow, getting the simple version working and trusted, then widening the rules over time,” he said. “Walking before you run is reasonable when you're opening up self-generation to millions of homes for the first time... The instinct to be careful with batteries is completely understandable.”

How long the lack of battery storage in the solar panel specifications will last is open to debate. Just a few weeks before the final specification was revealed, Octopus Energy announced the Nook Cube — a 2KW battery that plugs into a standard socket - which perhaps indicates a future opening up of the legislation to include battery storage.

Exporting energy for free?

For now at least, one of the main limitations is that any solar energy generated during the day that isn't used immediately by household appliances flows back out into the local grid. Because these small microgenerators do not automatically qualify for the Smart Export Guarantee at launch (unlike solar-powered rooftop installations), this means you are potentially exporting daytime energy to utility companies for free.

“That battery storage can’t form part of a compliant plug-in solar system during this first stage of the rollout is probably my biggest disappointment with the rules announced by the government so far,” admits PluginSolarCalculator’s Ben Bowyer. “A battery would let households store spare solar power generated during the day and use it later in the evening, when electricity use is often higher."

The biggest limitation is the lack of integrated battery storage, meaning any electricity you don't use immediately is typically exported rather than stored for later

Robin Edwards, Curetons

"The biggest limitation is the lack of integrated battery storage, meaning any electricity you don't use immediately is typically exported rather than stored for later," adds Robin Edwards, Property Buying Agent at property-finding company Curetons. "That reduces the financial benefit significantly, particularly for people who are out at work during the day when panels generate the most power.”

However, while disappointed by the lack of battery storage, PlugIn Solar Calculator’s Ben Bowyer admits people often underestimate how much power their home uses even when nobody is actively switching anything on. “Fridges, freezers, routers, and standby devices, create a constant background demand known as the household baseload that a well-positioned plug-in solar system can frequently cover during brighter parts of the day.”

To maximize savings without a battery, consumers can shift flexible energy use, such as running washing machines or dishwashers in daytime hours when the sun is shining.

Simon Turek, Chief Executive of graphene nanomaterials company Haydale, also explained how households can pair plug-in solar with heating solutions. “By moving to efficient forms of electric heating, it’s possible to achieve savings within your overall energy cost, because generation during the day could be used for heating purposes in winter months,” he told TechRadar.

If in doubt, it's best to enlist professional help to install plug-in solar panels (Image credit: Getty Images / Westend61)Cladding exclusion

Unfortunately, lack of battery storage isn’t the only limitation of the new legislation. Before purchasing a plug-in solar kit, consumers must consider several practical and regulatory rules. For example, users cannot mix and match panels, cables and inverters from different suppliers. Systems must be purchased as complete tested, manufacturer-certified packages listed on the Energy Networks Association Type Test Register. This requirement ensures that all connected hardware meets rigorous domestic electrical standards.

Balcony installations still give me the shivers, especially the thought of someone lifting one of these panels over a railing 10 floors above the ground

Ben Bowyer, PluginSolarCalculator.com

Kits must also plug directly into a wall socket using the manufacturer-provided cable. The use of extension leads, multi-way block adapters, travel adapters, or plug-in RCDs (Residual Current Drives) is strictly prohibited to avoid electrical overloads. Furthermore, installation is prohibited on timber balconies, timber cladding, aluminium composite cladding, high-pressure laminate cladding, or buildings undergoing fire safety remediation. Understandably, these restrictions are designed to mitigate fire and safety risks across high-density residential properties.

Renters and leaseholders must also obtain permission from their landlord or freeholder before installing panels on shared or exterior structures. Users are also legally required to notify their local Distribution Network Operator via a G98 notification form when connecting a system. This notification process ensures that regional network operators maintain accurate records of micro-generation capacity across local distribution grids. Compliance with these administrative steps is mandatory for all system owners.

Beyond administrative rules, there are also practical considerations around installing heavy solar panels. Because individual panels weigh around 20kg each, experts strongly recommend treating the setup as a two-person job, advising consumers to get professional help if there's any uncertainty regarding structural anchoring, working safely at height, or load-bearing capacity. Makeshift fasteners like cable ties, string, or tape are strictly banned and approved mounting hardware rated for UK wind and snow loads must be used.

As Ben Bowyer candidly admits: "Balcony installations still give me the shivers, especially the thought of someone lifting one of these panels over a railing 10 floors above the ground."

Power to the people

With the cost-of-living crisis showing no signs of ending any time soon, the push to legalise plug-in solar technology is welcome news to millions of flat dwellers and renters wanting to reclaim some control over their mounting utility bills. Importantly, by enabling households to create their own microgenerators by connecting small-scale panels straight into standard wall sockets, the framework provides an accessible route to lower electricity costs. With solar power in place, users could save up to 30% on their electricity bills with typical kits paying for themselves within three to five years

The energy transition is ultimately about people taking control of their own power

Christopher Burd, SPS PowerBuild

.However, the legislation is far from perfect. Because the initial rollout focuses purely on daytime generation without integrated battery storage, users must adapt their daily routines to make the most of the power while the sun is shining. What’s more, by establishing an 800W AC output limit and capping panel capacity at 2,000W, the framework really only covers continuous household baseload demand from refrigeration and standby appliances, rather than being able to power your entire home with solar.

Still, it’s a decent start and it’s likely the legislation will be expanded to include battery storage over time. As Christopher Burd, Managing Director of solar installation company SPS PowerBuild told TechRadar: "The energy transition is ultimately about people taking control of their own power. Enabling households to generate clean electricity directly from their living spaces represents a fundamental shift in how we think about urban resilience and domestic independence." Literally, power to the people.

Smart TVs have long been in controversial waters as far as privacy goes. From claims that your TV is a "privacy nightmare" to accusations of some models being a "mass surveillance system", you probably haven't failed to notice the periodic storms that have erupted around what televisions get up to in terms of data and telemetry. The latest lightning strike that hit last week was a development around LG TVs (and PC monitors) whereby voice features (and a McAfee pop-up ad in Windows) came under fire.

LG has defended its position in no uncertain terms, it should be noted (although the mentioned Windows 11 pop-up has since been retracted). But regardless of the rights or wrongs here, this affair was enough of a reminder to prompt me to finally take action on something I've been meaning to do for quite some time anyway.

Namely, to take my smart TV offline, once and for all. This means I can ensure that I know for certain that my television isn't get up to any online 'shenanigans' with whatever data may (or may not) be getting sent here or there — because it isn't online at all. And I don't need it to be online, either.

Maybe this is something you'd like to do, as well, so if you're thinking of following in my footsteps, I'm going to break down everything for you. That includes whether you actually need to have your smart TV online, and how to go about disconnecting it from the internet while still installing updates for the television manually, should you wish, which is possible in many — but not all — cases.

Do you really need to have your smart TV online?

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I'd argue that you don't need to have your smart TV online, although that said, answering this question isn't exactly straightforward and there are caveats depending on your personal situation.

Obviously, if you use the TV maker's smart hub for any of your viewing needs, and the apps therein for streaming (or anything else), then clearly, you will need the television to remain online. Although these days, most people use a streaming stick to watch all their content and don't ever go near the smart TV hub, such as the Fire TV Stick (most commonly). It's just a much better way of working. (And yes, I do realize that any such hardware may come with its own privacy-related nuances and issues, but I'm not going to get into all that here – except to say that you'll want to consider Apple TV as an option if privacy is high on your list of priorities for streaming devices).

Assuming your viewing is done via a separate stick or box of some kind, then, the only real reason to keep your TV online is to get updates from the manufacturer. In my case, I have a Sony TV that's now four years old, and at this point, updates have reduced to a trickle – and they're mostly trivial tweaks and the like.

There's nothing I really need, and arguably, firmware updates are as much of a risk as they are a potential benefit at this stage of the TV's life. I like the way my Sony runs now, the picture is great, and everything's good – and who's to say an update might not throw a spanner in the works and break something? These things happen, even if it's something as simple as resetting my TV settings, which isn't fatal, but is annoying (and it has happened before).

Okay, so one thing I won't get that's regarded as vital is security updates and fixes. And I understand why these are thought of as critical, but hey, guess what: I'm taking my TV fully offline, so I won't need them. (There's no greater assurance of security than ditching online connectivity, anyway).

Granted, there are other online features I'll lose too – voice command functionality with the TV, for example, but it's all minor stuff in the great scheme of things, and none of it matters to me personally (I use my streaming stick's voice search, anyway).

If you have an older smart TV, you're likely in a similar boat to me, although if you have a newer model, then maybe your television is still receiving firmware updates which are important, with fixes or new features you actually want.

In that case, you may still want to jump online to download and install those upgrades, but you only need to hop on temporarily to do so (maybe once every few months).

However, there is another way to get updates for your smart TV while keeping it offline permanently. Admittedly, it's a bit of a hassle compared to a seamless update within the TV's interface itself, but it does avoid going online at all, while still ensuring your smart TV is kept fully up-to-date. So, let's look at how to do that — but first, it's worth quickly touching on how to take your TV off the internet in case you're in any doubt.

How to take your TV offline

(Image credit: Future)

If your TV is online and you wish to revoke that internet access, it's a simple matter of turning off the Wi-Fi in the television's settings. (Assuming you're connected via Wi-Fi to your home router, of course — if you have an Ethernet connection, it's just a case of unplugging that cable from the TV).

You'll find the wireless network options somewhere in your TV's settings menu, generally under a category called 'network' or 'internet'. Head here and there'll likely be a slider or some kind of choice to turn off the Wi-Fi, and it should be as easy as flicking that switch. Of course, the method may vary slightly from TV to TV, as ever (consult your instruction manual if you get stuck).

You'll also see your home Wi-Fi network listed under available networks (or similar), and you can generally go into that option and select the choice to 'forget' the network (remove it permanently from the TV's memory). It's probably worth exercising that option as the safest way of fully disconnecting your television (although it does mean that if you want to add the wireless network again in the future, you'll have to re-enter the password).

How to install a firmware update with your smart TV offline by using a USB stick

(Image credit: Future)

The way you install an update with the TV offline is to do so via a USB stick. This means using another device that's online (your PC or laptop) to download the TV firmware update you want, then you copy it onto the USB stick, and plug that into your TV, piping the update through locally from there.

How this works may vary from manufacturer to manufacturer, as you might expect, but it's broadly the same. Follow the general instructions below, but bear in mind that you may have to adapt them slightly based on exactly which firm makes your TV.

1. Find out your exact TV model

First things first: you should note down the exact model name of your TV. You'll find this on the invoice (from when you bought it), or on the back of the TV set itself, or it'll often be in the settings in the TV menu (generally under Settings > System > About, or similar – or find it via the Help button on your TV remote, under system information or the like).

When I say full name, you'll need that to search for the correct firmware and ensure you download the right file. You can't just search for 'Sony Bravia 55-inch TV', you'll need the exact model with the full complement of letters and numbers, such as 'Sony K55XR80PU' which I'll use here as an example.

(Image credit: Sony)

2. Download the latest firmware from your TV manufacturer's website

On your PC, run a Google search (or your preferred search engine) for the model name and firmware, so in our example here, we'll search for 'Sony K55XR80PU firmware'. You should get a link that takes you directly to the support web page where the manufacturer provides the relevant firmware download.

At that page, you may find the model name is truncated — it's the Sony K-55XR80 in this case, as the 'PU' bit at the end is regional model info relating to the UK. (Note that you can search directly for the firmware on the manufacturer's support site, but due to variations in the model names as observed, the site might fail to find it, so it's generally best to try Google first).

When you reach the support page for the relevant TV model, you should see the latest firmware update listed with its release date and notes about what it does. It may be referred to as 'firmware' or a 'software update', and in some cases, it might come with instructions. (Samsung calls its firmware downloads 'upgrade file USB type', for example — catchy, huh? — and LG includes a PDF guide with some downloads).

Click on the file to download it to your PC (and the instructions, too, if present).

(Image credit: Sony)

3. Put the update files on a USB stick

Once downloaded, you need to put the firmware files onto the USB stick, so insert that USB drive into your PC, and copy them across. Exactly what you do here may vary slightly — and if you have instructions from the manufacturer you can, of course, follow these — but let's continue with our Sony example to give you an idea of what's involved.

With the Sony K-55XR80 firmware update, what's downloaded to the computer is a ZIP (compressed archive) containing three files. Extract those three files to a temporary folder on your system drive, then copy them over to the root drive of the USB stick (meaning just copy it straight onto the stick — don't put it into a folder). Note that the USB stick doesn't have to be empty, it can have other files on it (the TV will ignore them and pick up what it needs — although you will need enough room for the firmware update files to fit on the USB drive, naturally).

(Image credit: Future)

4. Insert that USB drive into a free port on your TV

Turn on the TV and plug the stick into an available USB port, and the television should detect the update, and start the installation process. (Sony suggests not having any other USB devices connected, by the way, and also rebooting your TV first, but the latter isn't really necessary — you can just turn it off, then on again, assuming it isn't off in the first place).

Slight variations with different TVs

(Image credit: Future)

Depending on your TV, you may have to proceed a bit differently — as noted, you can follow the instructions provided by your manufacturer on the firmware download page (or the downloaded installation guide, if you get one).

For example, with LG TVs, you need to put the update files in a correctly named folder on the USB stick as detailed in the provided PDF guide (and not the root of the USB stick, as with a Sony TV). Samsung TVs require the files to go in the root of the USB stick — not in a folder — like Sony, although with a Samsung model, the update may not kick off automatically when you plug in the USB drive, and you might need to trigger it manually. (Go to Settings > All Settings > Support > Software Update in the Samsung TV's menu, then select 'Update Now').

But broadly, whatever your TV, the idea is the same: download the update files (or file), put them on the USB stick, then plug the stick into a free USB port on your TV, where the update should be automatically detected and installed. The main differences will likely lie in the number of files you may have to download, and whether or not they need to go in a folder on the USB stick. At any rate, be sure to follow the manufacturer's instructions carefully.

Done and dusted

(Image credit: iStock)

As ever, once a firmware update has begun, don't ever turn off the TV, unplug it (or remove the USB drive), or otherwise interfere with the process, as that runs the risk of seriously messing up your precious television. Sit tight and watch the update run its course, with the TV rebooting itself automatically at some point – and then you're done and dusted.

In many cases, then, there's no need to connect your smart TV to the internet ever, even to get firmware updates. Although don't forget that you'll need to manually keep tabs on when the latest updates emerge, regularly checking the manufacturer's website, as your TV won't flag update availability for you if it isn't online.

There's a final caveat to remember here, namely that some TV manufacturers may not provide updates for download and manual installation with certain models. In that case, you're rather stuck, and indeed Panasonic is notable in this respect, because this TV maker has ditched manual updates entirely for its newer models, with firmware only available via a direct download on the TV. However, even in these scenarios, you can still keep the TV off the internet most of the time, periodically venturing online just to grab the latest firmware (should you want to).

• 31.7% of surveyed employees admit to scrolling on their phones during meetings
• Distraction habits are taking over the workplace, with potentially devastating consequences for long-term employment prospects
• Directors are over 4 times more likely to arrive late for a meeting than an entry-level employee

Scrolling through your phone is now considered preferable to engaging in discussion in meetings, with almost a third (31.7%) of employees admitting to looking at their phone instead of the daily PowerPoint, new research has claimed.

Digital distractions in the workplace are costing employees of all ages opportunities to progress, while Gen Z employees are struggling with time management. The findings of a Careerminds UK survey of 600 UK employees highlight meetings, emails, and notifications delivering distraction from the focused task, with completion or attention to personal tasks while at work by 37.2% of respondents.

Time management challenges are affecting employees across the workplace, with Gen Z particularly singled out as struggling to get organized and engage.

“Career-damaging habits”

The survey found chronic laziness, ignored messages, and phone scrolling in meetings among the bad habits, with 44.2% of respondents admitting to indulging in 3 or more “career-damaging habits” every month.

Meanwhile, the threat of “quiet habits” can potentially have the biggest impact on any chance of progression with your current employer.

If you’re prone to avoidance behavior such as staying silent in meetings (31%), venting about a line manager to a colleague (19.2%), or saying yes to a task you cannot complete (5.7%) then you also need to look at ways to break the habits that are holding you back.

"None of these behaviours is likely to derail a career on its own, but together they influence how reliable, engaged and ready for greater responsibility you appear to the people making decisions about promotions and pay rises," noted Amanda Augustine, a Certified Professional Career Coach (CPCC) and resident careers expert at Careerminds UK.

"The encouraging news is that these aren't fixed personality traits; rather, they're everyday habits that can be identified, addressed and improved upon with consistent effort.”

Gen Z: struggling with time management

Perhaps the most concerning data emerging from the survey, however, involves Gen Z. Careerminds UK found found that over a quarter (26.7%) of employees in the 18-29 age group arrived late to meetings in the previous month, far more than the 3.3% rate in the over 55s group. Additionally, the younger cohort is more likely to “pull a sickie” (26.7% versus 12.2%) for extra time off.

However, there is perhaps an opportunity for directors to set an example and arrive at meetings on time, with 38.0% more likely to arrive late for meetings, as opposed to 9.2% of entry-level employees.

Advice from Careerminds UK includes becoming more organized at work, putting time aside for dealing with messages, being present, engaged, and communicative, and admitting to challenges to deadlines before they become an issue.